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inorganic fertiliser. Or there would be the potential of a more bio-diverse landscape as a result of reduced nutrient input and reduced animal stocking rate with an associated increase in visitor numbers making use of the cleaner environment for recreation. The costs of such additional benefits should be included in the final cost-benefit analyses used to select measures to reduce diffuse water pollution to agriculture. Table 3: List of abatement measures that were most frequently in the first five to be implemented in the calculation of each representative farm system cost-curve. These are drawn from across all the soil, drainage and climatic conditions used in the calculations for all pollutants Dairy system Arable system Broiler system Pig system Establish artificial wetland Do not apply slurry/manure to well-connected hydrological areas Allow drainage to deteriorate Integrate fertiliser with manure Introduce clover to grassland system ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Establish artificial wetland Allow drainage to deteriorate Change fertiliser type Cultivate land to reduce hydrological connectivity Do not apply fertiliser to well-connected hydrological areas Batch store litter Do not apply slurry/manure to well-connected hydrological areas Avoid manure spreading at times of high risk Export 50% of manures to other farms Integrate fertiliser with manure We acknowledge the financial support provided by Defra. REFERENCES Export 50% of manures to other farms Establish artificial wetland Do not apply slurry/manure to well-connected hydrological areas Integrate fertiliser with manure Change fertiliser type Chambers BJ (2002). Environmental Impacts of Solid and Liquid Manure Systems. Final Report to Defra. (Project NT2010) 32 pp. http://www2.defra.gov.uk/research/project_data Haygarth PM and Jarvis SC (1999). Transfer of phosphorus from agricultural soils. Advances in Agronomy 66, 165–249. RPA (2003). Water Framework Direction – indicative costs of agricultural measures. Defra Project Report. Risk Policy Analysts Limited, Norfolk. 99
ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION RISKS IN ORDER TO TARGET AND PRIORITISE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AH Sinclair 1 , A Frost 2 , A Vinten 3 , P Chapman 4 and J MacDonald 5 1 SAC Environmental, Craibstone, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA, UK, E-mail: alex.sinclair@ sac.co.uk; 2 Soil and Water, Scotland, 4 Bayswell Road, Dunbar, EH42 1AB, UK; 3 The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK; 4 SAC Farm Business Services, Thainstone Agricultural Centre, Inverurie, AB51 9WU, UK; 5 SEPA, Erskine Court, The Castle Business Park, Stirling, FK9 4TR SUMMARY A targeted approach that focuses on sensitive catchments, such as Nitrate Vulnerable Zones and Bathing Water catchments, is described. Farm audits that consider diffuse pollution issues as a three-stage process, and a treatment train approach to BMP implementation at each stage in the process are recommended. A simple conceptual framework for evaluating pollution control measures is set out and an example of cost-effectiveness and cost benefit analysis of a buffer strip to reduce total P loading to Loch Leven is given. Setting up a database giving information for each farm type, on source strength per pollutant, potential mitigation measures, cost-effectiveness, loadings mitigated and time scale for efficacy is recommended. A policy matrix, i.e. a summary of recommended measures, prioritised and categorised into proposed appropriate levels of regulation, for mapping of on-farm measures against policy instruments, voluntary measures and potential General Binding Rules (GBRs), etc. is also proposed. INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the predominant land use in Scotland, and it has been identified as presenting a significant threat to achieving good water status. Forestry is also a major land use, and it may also place certain water bodies at risk. The consultation paper ‘Diffuse Water Pollution from Rural Land Use’ (Scottish Executive, 2005a) outlines the current strategy for the control of diffuse pollution. A tiered system of controls is proposed, developed along similar lines to the Water Environment (Controlled Activities) Regulations 2005 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Consultations/Current/Q/ rowId/-1#conRow0National. General Binding Rules (GBRs) provide national general authorisation for those farming activities posing a threat to water quality and will be based on basic levels of good practice. While this is expected to bring about improvements, the paper indicates that there would still be problems associated with certain pollutants in some catchments. For these areas the Executive envisages that the national Rules would be supplemented by a set of targeted GBRs to apply to particular land use activities. At the same time, through Land Management Contracts involving more targeted supportive measures, the Executive is expected to make available incentives to promote good practice aimed at achieving good water quality in Scotland’s rivers, lochs and coastal waters. In some cases change is already taking place to bring about improvements in the protection of the water environment through good practice, developed and promoted via the PEPFAA Code (Scottish Executive, 2005b) and The 4 Point Plan (Scottish Executive, 2004), and by regulation 100
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122: 60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126: was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128: iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130: Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132: to control SS and P loads from agri
Page 133 and 134: Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135 and 136: Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 137 and 138: A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139 and 140: Environmental Monitoring The primar
Page 141 and 142: BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
Page 143 and 144: (a) With reference to the increase
Page 145 and 146: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
Page 147 and 148: The Environment Sensitive Farming (
Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
Page 151 and 152: to do more to reduce pesticide impa
Page 153 and 154: MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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