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significant number of arable fields adjacent to the water course without any buffers. Therefore the majority of fields are classified as high or very high risk. With the implementation of a 50-m buffer, risk is reduced to low. When applied to the whole of the catchment there is a net reduction of total N losses of 1.86%. However, implementing such large buffers may not be acceptable to farmers with smaller farming units as this will remove a greater proportion of their land from economic production. The second scenario investigated reducing fertiliser use (by 10% or 20%) on the existing land use regime. The results found that nutrient losses for the whole of the catchment were 8.8% and 17.5% respectively. The third scenario examined the impact of a radical change in land use. Table 5 shows that if all arable land use was changed to permanent pasture (i.e. only livestock farming is practiced), nutrient losses are predicted to be 55% less than they would be under the current intensive arable regime. However, a livestock-dominated farming system is not popular. This is because cereal production is seen to be more profitable than livestock farming. But more importantly to the farming community, the recent outbreak of foot and mouth disease and previous impacts of BSE have shown how vulnerable livestock can be to contagious or infectious diseases and farmers would be very reluctant to specialise. The final scenario is the most radical model, requiring all agricultural land (including pasture land) to be taken out of production and converted to woodland. Although this would reduce the current annual nutrient loss from approximately 902 to 111 mg/L, the economic, social and environmental impacts are extreme. Assuming plantation woodland takes over, this takes upward of 30 years to mature before felling takes place and an economic return made, so this would not be economically viable for the current farming community. In terms of social change, the range of employment activities in the local area would alter as the specialised skills of forestry workers and the number of workers required change. In environmental terms, although nitrate losses would reduce, there would be increased acidification of water courses, leading to a decline of aquatic biodiversity. Terrestrial biodiversity would also change as existing wildlife habitats were destroyed. 263
Table 5: Results of land use scenario modelling (catchment scale) Land use scenario Land removed from production (ha) Arable land removed (ha) Existing land use contributes annual N loss of Scenario land use contributes N losses kg/year mg/L kg/year mg/L % net reduction N loss 5m buffer 152.7 90.6 3257.1 10.3 480.6 1.48 0.16 10m buffer 317.3 192.7 6896.9 21.3 9985.9 2.28 0.25 50m buffer 1685.9 1112.3 39158.1 123.6 5310.4 16.24 1.86 10%reduction of fertiliser 0 0 285540 902.3 260518.6 823.22 8.8 20% reduction of fertiliser 0 0 285540 902.3 235496.9 744.15 17.5 Convert all arable land to permanent 0 8635.9 285540 902.3 126567.7 400.4 55.6 pasture Convert all agricultural land to wood 10160.9 8635.9 285540 902.3 35323.6 110.9 87.7 264
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246: could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248: TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252: and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254: FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 255 and 256: techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258: NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
Page 259 and 260: MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
Page 261 and 262: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 263 and 264: y standard methods and fresh, end o
Page 265 and 266: comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268: Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270: • numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271: Using this method of classification
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
Page 277 and 278: types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280: N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282: SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284: treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286: Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288: Notes 278
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