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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge support for this work from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). REFERENCES Chadwick DR, Chambers BJ, Anthony S, Granger S, Haygarth PM, Harris D and Smith K (2006). A measure-centric approach to diffuse pollution modelling and costcurve analysis of mitigation measures. This volume. Dampney P, Mason P, Goodlass G and Hillman J (2002). Methods and measures to minimise the diffuse pollution of water from agriculture – a critical appraisal. In: Defra project NT2507 report. London. Haygarth P (2003). Cost curve assessment of phosphorus mitigation options relevant to UK agriculture. In: Report for Defra Project PE0203. URL http://www.defra.gov. uk/science/default.htm Haygarth P (2005). COST-DP: Cost-effective diffuse pollution mitigation. In: Report for Defra Project ES0121. URL http://www.defra.gov.uk/science/default.htm RPA (2005). Development of a methodology to determine the cost effectiveness of measures and combinations of measures for the Water Framework Directive. In: Report for the Collaborative Research Programme on River Basin Management Planning. Shepherd MA and Chambers BC (2006). Managing nitrogen on the farm: the devil is in the detail. Nutrient Cycling in Agro-ecosystems (in press). Scholefield D (2005). Cost curve of nitrate mitigation options. In: Report for Defra project NT2511. URL http://www.defra.gov.uk/science/default.htm Vinten AJA, Towers W, King JA, McCracken DI, Crawford C, Cole LJ, Duncan A, Sym G, Aitken M, Avdic K, Lilly A, Langan S and Jones M (2005). Appraisal of rural BMPs for controlling diffuse pollution and enhancing biodiversity. In: Report to SNIFFER, for contract WFD13, Edinburgh. 135pp URL http://www.sniffer.org.uk/results.asp 83
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING DIFFUSE NITROGEN POLLUTION FROM LIVESTOCK MANURES BJ Chambers 1 , JR Williams 2 , E Sagoo 2 , KA Smith 3 and DR Chadwick 4 1 ADAS Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Notts., NG20 9PF, UK, E-mail: brian. chambers@adas.co.uk; 2 ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB3 8NN, UK; 3 ADAS Wolverhampton, Wergs Road, Woodthorne, Wolverhampton WV6 8TQ, UK; 4 IGER North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK SUMMARY The economic implications of additional financial investment in extra slurry storage capacity and improved manure spreading equipment to reduce diffuse nitrogen pollution from livestock manure management was assessed for six ‘model’ livestock (two pig, three cattle and one broiler) farms. On the pig and dairy farms, the investment in additional slurry storage required to avoid the need to apply slurry in the autumn was between £3,500 and £5,880/year (amortised over 20 years), compared with an increased fertiliser N replacement value of the slurry (as a result of reduced leaching losses) of between £180 and £760/year. The cost of the bandspreading equipment was c. £3,250/year (amortised over 10 years) compared with the increased fertiliser N replacement of the slurry N (as a result of reduced ammonia losses) of between £230 and £330/year on the pig and dairy farms. On the broiler farm, reducing N leaching losses by changing the application timing from autumn to spring increased the fertiliser N replacement value of the broiler litter by £3,860/year, compared with the cost of the improved spreading equipment at £2,860/year (amortised over 10 years). Studies quantifying both nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilisation losses have clearly shown that an integrated approach to slurry N management is needed, so that management policies that aim to reduce nitrate leaching do not exacerbate other N loss pathways (so called ‘pollution swapping’). INTRODUCTION In the UK each year, approximately 90 million tonnes of livestock manures (47 million tonnes of slurry and 43 million tonnes of solid manure) supplying 450,000 tonnes of nitrogen (N) are applied to agricultural land (Williams et al., 2000). Efficient utilisation of manure nitrogen is essential to reduce diffuse air (e.g. ammonia) and water (e.g. nitrate) pollution, and to maximise crop N utilisation. The UK is committed to reducing ammonia emissions and nitrate leaching losses to comply with EU Directives. The current Nitrate Vulnerable Zone Action Programme (which covers 55%, 14% and 3% of agricultural land in England, Scotland and Wales, respectively) restricts the application of high available N manures (i.e. pig/cattle slurries and poultry manures) on sandy and shallow soils in the autumn/early winter period. On many farms, changing manure application practices to reduce nitrate leaching losses will require significant financial investment in extra slurry storage capacity to avoid the need to apply slurry in the autumn. In addition, investment in slurry bandspreading equipment (e.g. trailing hose and trailing shoe machines; Plate 1) is likely to be required to apply slurry evenly to growing arable and grassland crops in spring/summer, without causing damage to soils and reducing crop quality. However, 84
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
Page 41 and 42: Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122: 60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126: was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128: iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130: Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132: to control SS and P loads from agri
Page 133 and 134: Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135 and 136: Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 137 and 138: A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139 and 140: Environmental Monitoring The primar
Page 141 and 142: BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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