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could be completed within the bathing season which might make direct comparison between the pre- and post-remediation data sets difficult but would provide data on bathing season FIO flux to underpin future policies within this catchment (Crowther et al., 2003). The latter option was agreed by the project steering group and was implemented. Rationale for Selecting BMPs After the audit of the farms within the catchment, plans were devised to install as wide a range of BMP measures as possible. The area had many opportunities for improvements to reduce the risk of diffuse FIO flow to the main watercourse or its tributaries. However, there were relatively few different ways of implementation as most of the measures involved the installation of fencing and the supply of alternative water supplies. Prioritisation had to be applied to ensure that the most appropriate measures were tested and to keep within project budget. Priorities reflect equal weight to (i) bathing water compliance, (ii) introducing a range of BMPs including ponds and wetlands. These priorities were drawn up with reference to the following selection criteria: • Whether there was a direct FIO pathway into the bay. • Intensity of the likely FIO loading. • Possibility of FIO reduction/treatment between the source and the bay. • Known ‘hot spots’ from CREH monitoring in autumn 2003. Measures Adopted Based on the Pollution Audit, pollution impacts were prioritised on a Scale 1 (very high) to 4 (low) and the following measures adopted in mitigation: 1. Removal of stock from direct access to the watercourse. 2. Creation of buffer strips between the grazed land and the immediate riparian area. 3. Removal of stock from the natural wetlands adjacent to watercourses. 4. Creation of retention ponds for treatment of contaminated water. 5. Removal of shallow cattle crossings which are usually also watering points. 6. Removal of short lengths of ditch by installing pipes. 7. Provision of alternative water supplies where stock access to watercourses was prevented. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION BMP Measures SAC was always aware of the fact that farmers had to be willing partners for this project to be successful. If measures proposed were inappropriate to the farm, or had been seen as a feature that imposed constraints on farming activities, farmers would have been unlikely to accept such measures. 131
BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock from watercourses) was readily understood and appreciated from the aspect of reducing the risk of diffuse pollution so long as an alternative reliable water supply was able to be installed. BMP measure 2 (buffer strips) were also acceptable in most circumstances, but with varying tolerance of the amount of land take involved. The theory is understood, but not always will the ideal width of buffer strip be allowed on all farms. BMP measure 3 (stock removal from wetlands) will not be applicable on all farms, but within the catchment area where other BMPs were installed three wetland areas were identified for exclusion from stock access. There are other wetlands in other parts of the catchment that are still open to stock. Farmers are aware that grazing value is low, but are also concerned that these areas will have to be managed in a different way to become a wildlife habitat and to prevent the growth of unsightly or invasive vegetation. Measure 4 (farm ponds) was by far the most difficult measure that SAC promoted within the catchment. Farmers are environmentally aware but some could not see the need for farm ponds to treat lightly contaminated water. Farmers want alternative systems to treat ‘dirty water’, but under current regulations ponds would not be permitted to treat such water. The amount of land (and number of ponds) required to treat such water to an acceptable discharge quality could be very large. However, advantage can be taken of existing wetlands by isolating them from livestock. BMP measure 5 (removal of shallow crossings over watercourses) will involve either land take or involve a considerable amount of engineering to deepen the watercourse and avoid the land take. Measure 6 (removal of short lengths of ditch by piping) will have been carried out on farms for different reasons, such as making parts of fields more accessible for silage making. Farmers will generally be willing to adopt this measure as an aid to production. However, this activity should not be used extensively as it contravenes SEPA’s position on avoiding new culverts. Fundamental to BMP measure 7 is to provide water from a natural source. This makes the supply sustainable and should, in theory, result in no change in the amount of water being taken from the watercourses. Apart from minor maintenance it has a nil ongoing cost, unlike a metered water supply. An important consideration in designing such a BMP is the level of abstraction given the regulations flowing from the Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003. WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS Low Flows Mean concentrations of faecal indicator compliance parameters under dry weather conditions, are generally low. There is a slight elevation in their concentrations during low flows in the summer bathing season. However, the low flow fluxes represent a very small proportion of the total flux in the bathing season and seem not to impact on compliance with Directive 76/160/EEC (Wyer et al., 1997) 132
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122: 60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126: was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128: iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130: Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132: to control SS and P loads from agri
Page 133 and 134: Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135 and 136: Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 137 and 138: A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139: Environmental Monitoring The primar
Page 143 and 144: (a) With reference to the increase
Page 145 and 146: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
Page 147 and 148: The Environment Sensitive Farming (
Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
Page 151 and 152: to do more to reduce pesticide impa
Page 153 and 154: MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
Page 159 and 160: infiltration of water sheeting off
Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164: anthropogenic activities are pollut
Page 165 and 166: monitoring is determined up front b
Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174: Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184: THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188: protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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