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Examination of Figure 2 (a) and (b) suggests that over 30% of new stream bank length fencing is required before an effect can be seen. However, it is important to note that: i. there is considerable variability in this hypothesised ‘effect’ between the remediated catchments; and ii. this observation is based on only four relevant data points and must be considered tentative. Effectiveness of BMP Measures The Brighouse Bay study was conducted in a small catchment where interventions, such as stream bank fencing, could be implemented to cover a significant percentage of the available stream bank length. The study therefore offers an exemplar of the effects of remedial measures in this type of livestock farming area in South-west Scotland. The faecal indicator and nutrient results provide complementary evidence of beneficial remediation effects. In particular, a measurable improvement in FIO flux to the bathing waters is suggested when compared with the control catchment, although compliance with EU bathing water standards after storm events is still not guaranteed. Some validation of The Scottish Executive/SEPA’s bathing water signage project was provided on the 19th August 2004, when a ‘poor’ bathing water quality signal was confirmed by spot sea water samples that proved to have FIO levels in excess of mandatory standards. Early indications suggest that a beneficial effect can be seen in the Brighouse Bay subcatchments (i.e. noticeable FIO reductions) when approximately 30% more of the catchment stream bank lengths are fenced, which also results in a ‘protection’ from approximately 30% more of the catchment fields draining to a subcatchment outlet. The creation of farm ponds has yet to be shown as an effective BMP measure. However, the beneficial effects of ponds and wetlands is demonstrated by one small subcatchment (monitored at site 103) in the Brighouse Bay study. This exhibited uniformly low pre- and post-remediation FIO concentrations at the catchment outlet. The full beneficial effect of newly isolated wetlands and ponds is likely to be seen only after plants in the water margins become established and the floor of the pond partially seals, possibly taking 2 to 3 years to take full effect. Owing to the project timescale and the necessity to initiate monitoring ahead of carrying out the farm audits and determining the BMPs, rigorous evaluation of the individual measures applied has not been possible. Seasonal factors and land use changes in some fields (e.g. from autumn grazing to summer silage) are major confounders in the pre- and post-remediation comparisons at the sub-catchment level. To obtain full value from the project, monitoring in successive bathing seasons over a suggested period of 5 years is advised to confirm the improvements seen thus far. 135
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges funding of this project by SEERAD and the inputs from the various members of the Steering Group, comprising the Scottish Executive, SEPA, SAC, CREH, MRCS and NFUS. We wish to acknowledge the willing participation of the landowners who were involved in this project. Their inclusion was purely a reflection of their location within the catchment and not due to any real or perceived diffuse pollution problem. We acknowledge their helpful comments and all the background farm information they provided. REFERENCES Commission of the European Communities (CEC) (2004). Proposal of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Quality of Bathing Waters COM (2004) 581 final 2002/0254 (COD) 12884/04, 26 November 2004. Crowther J, Wyer MD, Bradford M, Kay D, Francis CA (2003). Modelling faecal indicator concentrations in large rural catchments using land use and topographic data. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94, 962–973. Merrilees D, Aitken M, Jones A and Vinten A (2004). Research and design of pilot schemes to minimise livestock pollution to the water environment in Scotland. In: Report for the Scottish Executive Central Research Unit. URL http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Water/15561/ pollutionmainreport Scottish Executive (2002). Agricultural & Environmental Working Group. Review of Recent UK and European Research Regarding Reduction, Regulation and Control of the Environmental Impacts of Agriculture, Part 1. Scottish Executive Publication, Edinburgh. Scottish Executive (2002). Custodians of Change Report of the Agriculture and Environment Working Group. Scottish Executive Publication, Edinburgh. Scottish Executive (2004). The 4 Point Plan. Scottish Executive Publication, Edinburgh. Scottish Executive (2005). Prevention of Environmental Pollution from Agricultural Activity (PEPFAA) Code. Scottish Executive Publication, Edinburgh, pp 23-44. Wyer MD, Kay D, Crowther J, O’Neill JG, Jackson G and Fewtrell L (1997). The effects of catchment (i.e. non-outfall) sources of faecal indicators on compliance of marine recreational waters with Directive 76/160/EEC. Water Science and Technology 35, 151–156. 136
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122: 60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126: was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128: iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130: Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132: to control SS and P loads from agri
Page 133 and 134: Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135 and 136: Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 137 and 138: A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139 and 140: Environmental Monitoring The primar
Page 141 and 142: BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
Page 143: (a) With reference to the increase
Page 147 and 148: The Environment Sensitive Farming (
Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
Page 151 and 152: to do more to reduce pesticide impa
Page 153 and 154: MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
Page 159 and 160: infiltration of water sheeting off
Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164: anthropogenic activities are pollut
Page 165 and 166: monitoring is determined up front b
Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174: Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184: THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188: protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192: farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194: practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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