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Effects of the Measures If all the measures are put into effect, the nitrogen surpluses are on average cut by a third compared with scenario HP 2015, the highest reduction compared with the initial level of the nitrogen surplus is achieved in the Ukraine ( 46 %), the lowest in the Czech Republic ( 23 %). The absolute reductions achieved are by far the highest in Hungary and Romania, primarily because of the size of the area on which the measures are applied. In these two countries together, the nitrogen surplus is reduced by more than 400.000 tons, which is 56 % of the total reduction achieved. Cost-effectiveness Ratios The basic variables are the costs of measures on the one hand and the effects of measures regarding the difference of the nitrogen soil surface surplus on the other hand: from these, the cost-effectiveness ratios of single measures were calculated. From the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness, the most satisfactory measures are ones that are commercially profitable and at the same time beneficial to the environment, like M3 in all the EU member states as well as M4 in Romania, Bulgaria and Ukraine. Because of the high investment necessary, the highest cost-effectiveness ratios have been calculated for M2 in all of the countries examined, hence being the least preferable measure. If all of the measures considered are carried out simultaneously, the overall cost-effectiveness ratios will be positive in each of the countries. The highest cost-effectiveness ratios occur in Austria, Germany and Slovenia and the lowest in Hungary. Hence they are, as a whole, economically a burden for the agricultural producers. Ranking of Measures Based on Cost-effectiveness Ratios Figure 2 shows the costs and the effects of the measures. The ranking of the measures according to their CER reflects that profitable measures shall be implemented first. The costs of implementing all the measures considered in the different countries show a large difference regarding the expected effects. In many of the countries, a significant effect may be obtained by profitable measures, e.g. in Romania 80% of the reduction of nitrogen surplus may be achieved in a profitable way. Although the long-term profitability of specific measures is shown, high investment costs may prevent their implementation. 39
Figure 2: Combination of ‘best available techniques’ – measures for the different countries (ranking according to CER in brackets) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The daNUbs project, being the basis for this research, was funded by the European Commission. In particular, the authors would like to thank Dipl.-Ing. Franz Sinabell, Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) as well as Dipl.-Ing. Zdenek Lukas and Dr. Josef Pöschl, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (WIIW) for their support. Furthermore the authors would like to thank Dr. Horst Behrendt, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) for providing agricultural production data and Dr. Erika Quendler for her expertise regarding agricultural cost analysis. REFERENCES IFIP (2005). Consideration of socio-economic aspects and selection of most promising solutions for future management strategies. Final Report of Deliverable 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 of the daNUbs project. URL http\\danubs.tuwien.ac.at OECD (2001). OECD national soil surface nitrogen balances, explanatory notes. OECD secretariat. URL http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/0/11/1916652.pdf Schleininger, R. (1999). Comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis of measures to reduce nitrogen emissions in Switzerland. Ecological Economics 30, 147–159. 40
Page 1 and 2: International Water Association AGR
Page 3 and 4: 2006 Conference Organising Committe
Page 5 and 6: Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
Page 7 and 8: Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
Page 9 and 10: viii
Page 11 and 12: managers need support in understand
Page 13 and 14: During the past 20 years, it became
Page 15 and 16: infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
Page 17 and 18: DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
Page 19 and 20: Using the results of the unsupervis
Page 21 and 22: Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
Page 23 and 24: WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
Page 25 and 26: Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
Page 27 and 28: • It should be possible to apply
Page 29 and 30: Scottish Executive against 18 measu
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
Page 33 and 34: ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
Page 35 and 36: management practices’ (BMPs) toge
Page 37 and 38: It is envisaged that these data wil
Page 39 and 40: testing (including climate change)
Page 41 and 42: Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100:
Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102:
REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108:
Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110:
ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112:
In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114:
Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116:
D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120:
Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122:
60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126:
was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128:
iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130:
Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132:
to control SS and P loads from agri
Page 133 and 134:
Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135 and 136:
Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 137 and 138:
A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139 and 140:
Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
Page 145 and 146:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
Page 147 and 148:
The Environment Sensitive Farming (
Page 149 and 150:
improved further as a result of att
Page 151 and 152:
to do more to reduce pesticide impa
Page 153 and 154:
MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156:
turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158:
Although nitrate leaching can be re
Page 159 and 160:
infiltration of water sheeting off
Page 161 and 162:
Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164:
anthropogenic activities are pollut
Page 165 and 166:
monitoring is determined up front b
Page 167 and 168:
(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170:
• Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172:
Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174:
Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176:
policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184:
THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186:
equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188:
protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190:
expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194:
practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196:
A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198:
The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200:
MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
Page 207 and 208:
ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216:
REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222:
Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226:
Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228:
DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236:
to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238:
stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244:
Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248:
TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254:
FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258:
NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 263 and 264:
y standard methods and fresh, end o
Page 265 and 266:
comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268:
Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270:
• numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272:
Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274:
Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280:
N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282:
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284:
treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286:
Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288:
Notes 278
show all

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