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The TMDL process investigates these water quality problems and designs actions in consultation with stakeholders to effect remediation (i.e. similar to a WFD ‘programme of measures’ outlined below). In defining how much of a pollutant a water body can tolerate, whilst complying with water quality standards, a TMDL investigation should quantify all pollutant fluxes to include effluent discharges from wastewater treatment facilities, diffuse source pollution from agriculture and surface drainage from streets or highways. Some 59,356 water quality impairments have been reported between January 1996 and 23 February 2006 and 18,663 TMDLs were approved by USEPA over the same period. The top five reasons for water quality impairment leading to an agreed TMDL, accounting for 69% of all TMDLs to date have been: heavy metal pollution (3,940 TMDLs); microbial pollutants and pathogens (3,630 TMDLs); nutrients (2,232 TMDLs); sediments and siltation (1,722 TMDLs); and organic enrichment and low DO (1,274 TMDLs) (USEPA, 2005). Some 4043 TMDLs, for all impairment causes, were approved by USEPA in fiscal year to 30 September 2005. Thus, in the United States, where ‘pressure and impacts’ on water resources similar to the EU are evident, the two principal ‘impairment’ reasons leading to a TMDL are ‘metal’ pollution and ‘pathogens’ (the pathogens themselves are rarely measured but are indexed by faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) which are used as the main compliance parameters for recreational and shellfish harvesting waters). The TMDL procedure defines ‘allocations which specify the amount (or concentration) of a pollutant that can be discharged to a waterbody such that standards are attained in both the receiving water body and all downstream waters’ (Anon, 2005a). This policy driver underpins the need for (i) information on the fluxes of catchmentderived point and diffuse source microbial loadings and (ii) the likely remediation efficacy of alternative control measures applied to the sewerage infra-structure and/ or agricultural diffuse pollution sources (Kay et al., 2005a; Lewis et al., 2005; Kay et al., 2006; Dickson et al., 2005; Kay et al., 2005b). A CASE STUDY: TOMALES BAY, CALIFORNIA The Problem Statement In Tomales Bay, California, the principal ‘beneficial uses’ are recreation and shellfish harvesting. The bay has been defined as ‘impaired by pathogens’ due to diffuse source pollution from agriculture and a range of other sources including human effluents, wildlife, recreational boating, equine sources, urban storm drainage and septic tanks (Anon, 2004). The ten small sewage treatment works and sewage holding ponds were not permitted to discharge to the Bay directly, rather, they spread any effluents onto fields. However, accidental spills were considered an ongoing possibility. This combined loading had caused a ‘threatened’ classification under the State Shellfish Protection Act and a prohibition on commercial harvesting during rainfall periods by the California Department of Health Services. In addition, the Bay’s shellfish have been implicated in an illness outbreak (Anon, 2003). The Sources A source analysis suggested that agricultural diffuse pollution produced the principal FIO loading to the Bay. The TMDL process sought to rectify this through targeted development of non-point pollution control strategies including on-farm ‘best 25
management practices’ (BMPs) together with an education and outreach programme driven by a catchment-wide stakeholder participation exercise including shellfishery and watershed user groups. The principal non-point source control measures for FIOs were outlined in a Basin Plan amendment of September 2005 (Anon, 2005a). This identified the three main tributaries for the bay as ‘impaired’ producing four clearly impaired locations, (i) Tomales Bay itself, (ii) Laquntas Creek, (iii) Walker Creek and (iv) Olema Creek. Numeric targets The targets are an interpretation of water quality standards and those set for the Bay were: i.
Page 1 and 2: International Water Association AGR
Page 3 and 4: 2006 Conference Organising Committe
Page 5 and 6: Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
Page 7 and 8: Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
Page 9 and 10: viii
Page 11 and 12: managers need support in understand
Page 13 and 14: During the past 20 years, it became
Page 15 and 16: infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
Page 17 and 18: DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
Page 19 and 20: Using the results of the unsupervis
Page 21 and 22: Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
Page 23 and 24: WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
Page 25 and 26: Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
Page 27 and 28: • It should be possible to apply
Page 29 and 30: Scottish Executive against 18 measu
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
Page 33: ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
Page 37 and 38: It is envisaged that these data wil
Page 39 and 40: testing (including climate change)
Page 41 and 42: Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86:
CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100:
Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102:
REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130:
Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132:
to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170:
• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228:
DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248:
TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270:
• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274:
Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280:
N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282:
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284:
treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286:
Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288:
Notes 278
show all

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