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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge the support of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) for the funding of this collaborative work. We also acknowledge the help provided by the Chamber of Agriculture of Ille et Vilaine and Cemagref, Rennes in the gathering of information. REFERENCES Béline F and Martinez J (2002). Nitrogen transformations during biological aerobic treatment of pig slurry: effect of intermittent aeration on nitrous oxide emissions. Bioresource Technology 83, 225–228. Béline F, Daumer M-L and Guiziou F (2004) Biological aerobic treatment of pig slurry in France: nutrients removal efficiency and separation performances. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 47, 857–864. Béline F, Martinez J, Chadwick D R, Guiziou F and Coste C-M (1999). Factors affecting nitrogen transformations and related nitrous oxide emissions from aerobically treated piggery slurry. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 73, 235–243. Burton C H, Sneath R W and Farrent J W (1993). The effect of continuous aerobic treatment on the fate of the nitrogen in piggery slurry. In: MVA Verstegen, LA Den Hartog, GJM van Kempen and JHM Metz (eds), Nitrogen Flow in Pig Production and Environmental Consequences. Symposium Proceedings, Wageningen, 8-11 June 1993. EAAP Publ. No. 69, 404–409. Daumer M-L, Béline F, and Guiziou F (2005). Traitement biologique des lisiers de porcs en boues activées. Guide technique à l’usage des concepteurs, exploitants et organismes de contrôle des stations. Cemagref Editions, JOUVE, Paris. IPCC (1990). Climate Change (JT Houghton, GJ Jenkins, JJ Ephraums and Varney eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Le Bris B, David M, Gorius H, Jégou J-Y and Quillen J-P (2005). Stations de traitement lisier: veille téchnologique et bilan de fonctionnement. Etude realisée avec le concours financier de l’ADAR et du Comité Regional Porcin. Technical Report, Chambre d’Agriculture de Bretagne, RENNES, France. Melse RW, Starmans DAJ and Verdoes N (2002). Gaseous emissions from systems for pig slurry treatment. In: J van Ham, APM Baede, R Guicherit and JGFM Williams- Jacobse (eds), Non-CO2 greenhouse gases: scientific understanding, control options and policy aspects. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Maastricht, Netherlands, pp. 51–52. Millpress Science Publishers, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Mereceron M (1999). Green tides in Brittany: Current state of knowledge in non-point pollution: From watershed to littoral (in French). Ifremer, France. Poilvet D (2005). Valétec valide le traitement biologique en bassins separés. Réussir Porcs, June 2005. SCEES (1995). Service Central d’Etudes et d’Enquêtes Statistiques. Graphagri, France. 191
REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RURAL DIFFUSE POLLUTION BJ D’Arcy 1 , K Schmulian 1 and R Wade 2 1 Scottish Environment Protection Agency, 7 Whitefriars Crescent, Perth, PH2 0PA, UK, E-mail: Brian.Darcy@sepa.org.uk; 2 University of Abertay, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK SUMMARY On 1 April, a new regulatory regime in Scotland came into force, bringing in regulations to implement much of the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The WFD requires that diffuse sources of pollution are regulated, and this paper examines how far that can be achieved under the new Controlled Activities Regulations (CAR) regime, as well as considering opportunities for further control under additional regulations, and perhaps beyond them. INTRODUCTION Diffuse pollution is a statutory area of core business throughout the EU under the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Of course, even before WFD, diffuse pollution was statutory business in Scotland and the rest of the UK. For example, in relation to nitrates in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs), faecal pathogens in bathing waters, nutrients in lochs, and for diffuse pollution hotspots anywhere. Indirect or advisory measures have also been used for many years, for example, in relation to forestry practices and many of the measures in the Prevention of Environmental Pollution From Agricultural Activity (PEPFAA) Code for agriculture. But the Water Framework Directive specifically requires that diffuse sources of pollution are controlled, not just a particular class of pollutants and not leaving the regulators with the soft option of merely controlling the pollutants in major point sources. This paper focuses on the use of the Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003, (the WEWS Act) and subsequent regulations, notably The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005, (referred to as CAR below) for managing diffuse pollution from rural sources. These provisions came into force on 1 April 2006. This paper also considers the possible form and content of further regulations targeted more closely at the problem and possible regulatory solutions. The effectiveness and appropriateness of regulation in the UK has been the object of serious consideration after the publication of the report by Philip Hampton for HM Treasury on regulatory inspections and enforcement. While there is no specific equivalent in Scotland, the report has been influential. One of the recommendations of that review was that consideration should be given to alternatives to regulation and to striking the correct balance for regulation; proportionate to environmental risks. The Water Framework Directive allows the use of what it calls supplementary measures (economic support schemes, voluntary initiatives, policy considerations with regard to pesticide or fertiliser taxes, etc.). An integrated approach to supplementary measures and regulation is discussed in Davies (2006) and Campbell et al. (2004), and is inherent in SEPA strategy (e.g. SEPA 2004a). Although the requirement for regulation is explicit in WFD, there is scope for a light touch or for tighter regulation. Figure 1 presents a representation of the three key 192
Page 1 and 2:
International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
Page 151 and 152: to do more to reduce pesticide impa
Page 153 and 154: MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
Page 159 and 160: infiltration of water sheeting off
Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164: anthropogenic activities are pollut
Page 165 and 166: monitoring is determined up front b
Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174: Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184: THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188: protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192: farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194: practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196: A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 203 and 204: There are also measures that contro
Page 205 and 206: widely recognised as needing much a
Page 207 and 208: ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
Page 209 and 210: is the only mechanism identified fo
Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246: could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248: TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272:
Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286:
Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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