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Scottish Executive Social Research (2004). Bathing water use in Scotland: TNS Travel and Tourism. [Internet]. Scottish Executive Research. URL http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/04/19210/35655 [Accessed 22 August 2005]. Sinton LW, Hall CH, Lynch PA and Davies-Colley RJ (2002). Sunlight inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilisation pond effluent in fresh and saline waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 1122–1131. Vinten AJA, Lewis DR, McGechan M, Duncan A, Aitken M, Hill C and Crawford C (2004). Predicting the effect of livestock inputs of E. coli on microbiological compliance of bathing waters. Water Research 38, 3215–3224. World Health Organization (WHO) (2001). Bathing water quality and human health: faecal pollution. WHO, Geneva. Wyer MD, Kay D, Fleisher JM, Salmon RL, Jones F, Godfree AF, Jackson G and Rogers A (1999). An experimental health-related classification for marine waters. Water Research 33, 715–722. 217
DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANTIBIOTICS POLLUTION IN SOIL FROM AGRICULTURAL SOURCES M Kaštelan-Macan, S Babic, ć D Ašperger, D Mutavdžic ć and AJM Horvat Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulicev trg 20, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, E-mail: mmacan@fkit.hr SUMMARY Emission of veterinary antibiotics has emerged as an environmental problem and a lack of knowledge concerning this kind of pollution requires further investigation. The antibiotics primarily used in animal medicine are tetracyclines, sulfonamides, ß-lactames and fluoroquinolones. Antibiotics reach agricultural soils directly through livestock or indirectly through the use of manure and sewage sludge as fertilisers. The aim of this work was to optimise the conditions for ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) of the most commonly used antibiotics in Croatian veterinary practice: sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfaguanidine, norfloxacine, oxytetracyclin, penicillinG/ procaine and trimethoprim from soil samples. Sonication provides a more efficient contact between the solid and solvent than classic extraction procedures, resulting in a greater recovery of analyte. The extracted pesticides were identified using a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) system: HPTLC CN F 254 chromatography plates as a stationary phase, and 0.05 M oxalic acid/methanol=0.80:0.20 as a mobile phase. Quantification was performed using a 3CCD colour video camera. INTRODUCTION In the past, the emission of so-called ‘emerging’ or ‘new’ contaminants has emerged as an environmental problem and a lack of knowledge concerning this kind of pollution requires further investigation. Emerging contaminants are the unregulated ones, mainly composed of products used in everyday life, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, surfactants, plasticisers, industrial additives, etc. Many believe that of all the emerging contaminants, antibiotics are the biggest concern, as their emission in the environment can result in an increased occurrence of resistant bacteria in the environment, which may lead to unforeseen consequences. In veterinary medicine, a wide range of antibiotics are frequently used, and as a result of their consumption, excretion, and persistence, they are disseminated mostly via excrements and thus enter the soils. According to FEDESA, one-third of all antibiotics are used for veterinary purposes (FEDESA, 2001). No regulations exist for concentration limits of antibiotics in soils or water, but some EU directives prescribe the risk assessment of veterinary antibiotics (EMEA, 1997). The antibiotics in primary use in animal medicine are tetracyclines, sulfonamides,ßlactames and fluoroquinolones. The main sources of their release into the environment are animal farms and aquaculture for fish production. Antibiotics reach agricultural soils directly through livestock or indirectly through the use of manure and sewage sludge as fertilizers. Manure samples from pigs contained up to 3.5 mg/kg of sulfonamides and up to 4 mg/kg of tetracyclynes (Hamscher et al., 2002; Höper et al., 2002). Antibiotic residues and resistant micro-organisms can 218
Page 1 and 2:
International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184: THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188: protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192: farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194: practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196: A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202: REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
Page 203 and 204: There are also measures that contro
Page 205 and 206: widely recognised as needing much a
Page 207 and 208: ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
Page 209 and 210: is the only mechanism identified fo
Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246: could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248: TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252: and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254: FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 255 and 256: techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258: NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
Page 259 and 260: MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
Page 261 and 262: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 263 and 264: y standard methods and fresh, end o
Page 265 and 266: comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268: Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270: • numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272: Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274: Table 5: Results of land use scenar
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288:
Notes 278
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