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METHODS TO IMPROVE POLLUTION CONTROL POTENTIAL OF WOODCHIP CORRALS AJA Vinten 1 , D Merrilees 2 , G Sym 2 , J Parker 2 and C Crawford 2 1 Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK, E-mail: a.vinten@macaulay.ac.uk; 2 SAC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK SUMMARY This project investigated the efficacy of different potential sublayers for removal of some key residual pollutants after passing slurry through woodchip corrals. Pollutants studied were: ammonium, nitrate, Escherichia coli, mineral phosphate and organic carbon (TOC). The sublayers investigated were loamy sand subsoil, sandy loam topsoil, iron ochre granules (to remove P by adsorption) and straw (to remove N by immobilisation). Good pollutant removal was obtained by all sublayer treatments, with the exception of the straw treatment. This suffered from problems with packing the straw between woodchips and subsoil, leading to uneven flow conditions. Nitrate concentrations in leachate rose to > 40 mg/L but results suggest significant denitrification was occurring. The value of the iron ochre and straw was demonstrated in a laboratory column experiment, in which removal of nutrients equivalent to 188 kg N/ha and 92 kg P/ha was achieved by straw and ochre layers. INTRODUCTION In Scotland, woodchip corrals are being widely used as a means of overwintering beef cattle. The leachate from corrals still has a considerable pollution potential (Vinten et al., 2006), some of which can be mitigated if it has the chance to pass through suitable sublayers before release to ground or surface waters. The idea of this project was to investigate the efficacy of different sublayers for removal of the key pollutants: ammonium, nitrate, E. coli, suspended solids, phosphate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The sublayers investigated were sandy subsoil, sandy loam topsoil, iron ochre granules (to remove P by adsorption) and straw (to remove N by immobilisation). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight lysimeters (1.1 x 0.9 x 1 m) were set up at SAC Auchincruive (Figure 1). There were four sublayer treatments (each in duplicate): control (40 cm of sandy subsoil of Dreghorn series from the site area), topsoil (40 cm of sandy loam topsoil of Dreghorn series, from the site area), iron ochre (10 cm of dried granular iron ochre from waste lagoons at Polkemmet open cast coal mine, underlain by sandy subsoil) and straw (20 cm of barley straw coarsely chopped, underlain by sandy subsoil). Overlying these sublayers were 20-cm depth of medium-size woodchips (approx. 15 x 5 x 5 cm chips) and 20 cm of large woodchips (20 x 10 x 10cm). Weekly inputs of slurry (14 mm equivalent depth) containing 1800 mg/L NH 4 -N, 33,000 mg/L total organic C (TOC), 3.4 x 107 colony forming units (cfu) E. coli/100 mL and with electrical conductivity of 14 mS, along with natural rainfall were applied from January to September 2004. Weekly accumulated samples of leachate were analysed for ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, dissolved organic (DOC), and electrical conductivity 253
y standard methods and fresh, end of week samples were analysed for E. coli using the Colilert method (IDEXX, 2001). Volume of flow was also noted. Two laboratory columns were also set up: control (washed sand) and straw/iron ochre overlaying sand to demonstrate the nutrient removal concept for these materials. Dilute slurry (50 mm/day) containing on average 90 mg/L NH 4 -N, 107 mg/L DOC, 5.9 mg/L soluble reactive P (SRP) and with electrical conductivity of 343 mS was applied to these columns from 29 October to 12 December 2003. RESULTS Figure 2 shows the breakthrough curves of EC, DOC, E. coli, NH 4 -N, NO 3 -N and PO 4 - P for control (40 cm subsoil) and ochre (10 cm ochre and 30 cm subsoil) lysimeters. In the interests of clarity, results for the topsoil and straw treatments are not shown in Figure 1, but the average leachate concentrations in the period from May to September 2004 are given in Table 1. Over the time course of the experiment, the results show that removal of all pollutants was good for all sublayers except straw. The straw treatment was the least effective, probably because the water did not move uniformly through this layer due to difficulties in packing of the straw layer between subsoil and chips. 1A 2A 3A 4A Top 20cm large woodchips 20cm large woodchips 20cm large woodchips 20cm large woodchips 20cm small woodchips 20cm small woodchips 20cm small woodchips 20cm small woodchips 10cm ochre 20cm wheat s traw 20cm top s oil 40cm s ub s oil 30cm s ub s oil 20cm s ub s oil 20cm s ubs oil B ottom 10 cm Pea Gravel 10 cm Pea Gravel 10 cm Pea Gravel 10 cm Pea Gravel 4B 3B 1B 2B Top 20cm large woodchips 20cm large woodchips 20cm large woodchips 20cm large woodchips 20cm small woodchips 20cm small woodchips 20cm small woodchips 20cm small woodchips 10cm ochre 20cm top s oil 20cm wheat s traw 20cm s ubs oil 20cm s ub s oil 40cm s ub s oil 30cm s ub s oil B ottom 10 cm Pea Gravel 10 cm Pea Gravel 10 cm Pea Gravel 10 cm Pea Gravel Figure 1: Summary of lysimeter layout and design 254
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246: could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248: TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252: and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254: FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 255 and 256: techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258: NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
Page 259 and 260: MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
Page 261: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 265 and 266: comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268: Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270: • numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272: Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274: Table 5: Results of land use scenar
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
Page 277 and 278: types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280: N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282: SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284: treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286: Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288: Notes 278
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