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REFERENCES Evans BM, Lehning DW, Corradini KJ, Petersen GW, Nizeyimana E, Hamlett JM, Robillard PD and Day RL (2002). A comprehensive GIS-based modeling approach for predicting nutrient loads in watersheds. Journal of Spatial Hydrology 2, (www. spatialhydrology.com). Evans BM (2003). A generic tool for evaluating the utility of selected pollution mitigation strategies within a watershed. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Diffuse Pollution and as in Management, Dublin, Ireland, Vol. 2 of 4, pp. 10.7–10.12, Centre for Water Resources Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Haith DA and Shoemaker LL (1987). Generalized watershed loading functions for stream flow nutrients. Water Resources Bulletin 23, 471–478. 61
THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTION FROM POTENTIALLY CONTAMINATED STEADING RUN-OFF KV Heal 1 , AJA Vinten 2 , F Gouriveau 1 , J Zhang 1 , M Windsor 1 , B D’Arcy 3 , A Frost 4 , L Gairns 5 and SJ Langan 2 1 The University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK, E-mail: k.heal@ed.ac.uk; 2 The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK; 3 SEPA, 7 Whitefriars Crescent, Perth, PH2 0PA, UK; 4 Soil and Water Scotland, 4 Bayswell Road, Dunbar, EH42 1AB, UK; 5 SEPA, Heriot Watt Research Park, Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK SUMMARY Ponds/wetlands are being increasingly encouraged as a tool for reducing diffuse pollution from farm steadings in Scotland to comply with the EC Water Framework Directive. However, guidance on their design and maintenance is limited and their effectiveness for different farm types in Scotland is not known. Results from continuous flow and water quality monitoring (May–July 2005) of a mature onstream pond/wetland, constructed on a dairy farm prior to current best practice guidelines, and from vegetation and macroinvertebrate surveys of this and two other farm ponds/ wetlands highlight some aspects to be considered in monitoring the performance of these systems. Future work will focus on testing and improving design guidance by systematically monitoring and modelling flow, water quality, habitat and factors affecting performance and maintenance in representative farm ponds/wetlands, including new systems constructed with funding from the Scottish Executive and SEPA’s Diffuse Pollution and Habitat Enhancement Initiatives. INTRODUCTION The EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) (EC, 2000) requires the introduction of co-ordinated programmes of measures to achieve good ecological status in surface waters. The control of diffuse, land-based sources of pollution to these waters is of increasing concern to regulatory agencies seeking to implement the Directive. In Scotland, nutrients [nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)], suspended solids (SS) and faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) arising from diffuse agricultural run-off are a major cause of downgrading of rivers, lakes and coastal bathing waters. The use of farm ponds to mitigate the collectively significant pollution arising from steadings has recently been promoted in Scotland. The aim of installing ponds is to treat run-off from farms, particularly from areas such as access tracks and roads, roofs, road crossings and peripheral yards with only minor or occasional pollutant loading. While many studies report good removal of nutrients, SS and FIOs in ponds and constructed wetlands (e.g. Borin et al., 2001; Hunt and Poach, 2001; Dunne et al., 2005a), it is necessary to evaluate the likely performance of farm ponds/wetlands, not only immediately after installation, but also over time. Performance of these systems has been shown to vary seasonally (Thorén et al., 2004; Dunne et al., 2005b), with changing hydraulic and pollutant loadings (Fink and Mitsch, 2004) and may decrease with increasing age as sediment accumulates and vegetation develops. The processes involved in water treatment in farm ponds vary between pollutants. P removal occurs mainly by sedimentation, adsorption to substrate and plant uptake 62
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
Page 19 and 20: Using the results of the unsupervis
Page 21 and 22: Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
Page 23 and 24: WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
Page 25 and 26: Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
Page 27 and 28: • It should be possible to apply
Page 29 and 30: Scottish Executive against 18 measu
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
Page 33 and 34: ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
Page 35 and 36: management practices’ (BMPs) toge
Page 37 and 38: It is envisaged that these data wil
Page 39 and 40: testing (including climate change)
Page 41 and 42: Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
show all

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