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It is worth considering ways to represent BMP’s in GIS framework, as it can be a useful tool when it comes to catchment management. Input data refinement is one of the areas for future improvement. Updated land cover theme is required as the land cover theme used at the present project depicts year 1988 (LCS88) and questions the comparison of the model’s output with 2000 water chemistry data. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge SEPA, SEERAD and MLURI for providing me with the data I needed for the present project. REFERENCES SEPA (2004). The Lunan Chain of Lochs: Review and Development of Phosphorus Budgets (Action plan: F113). Internal report of SEPA. Vinten AJA, Towers W, King JA, McCracken DI, Crawford C, Cole LJ, Duncan A, Sym G, Aitken M, Avdic K, Lilly A, Langan S and Jones M (2005). Appraisal of Rural BMP’s for Controlling Diffuse Pollution and Enhancing Biodiversity. Final Report of SNIFFER project WFD13. 237
TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION: SWAPPING EUTROPHICATION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE? D Reay University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK, E-mail: david.reay@ed.sac.uk SUMMARY Large areas of the UK have now been designated ‘Nitrate Vulnerable Zones’ (NVZs) as a result of the high levels of nitrate in surface and groundwaters. Where nitrate is lost from the fields through drainage there are two main remediation strategies available. The first involves the creation of strips of uncultivated land, known as ‘buffer strips’ to intercept the leached nitrate before it gets into drainage waters. The other is designed to intercept any nitrate already in drainage waters by diverting the water through natural or constructed denitrifying wetlands. The use of both buffer strips, often in riparian zones, and denitrifying wetlands, has become increasingly widespread in the past few years (Mitch et al., 2001; Sabater et al., 2003), but doubts remain over their suitability in many areas (Dosskey, 2002). As well as the potential problem of leached nitrate by-passing the buffer strip and wetland soils, there is also a danger that denitrification in their soils - the primary process of nitrate removal – will lead to greatly increased nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (Hefting et.al., 2003), so swapping a water pollution problem for a climate change issue (Reay, 2004). Here we present a synthesis of N pollution swapping studies to date and introduce a wide-ranging project aimed at addressing this key issue. REFERENCES Mitsch WJ, Day Jr JW, Gilliam JW, Groffman PM, Hey DL, Randall, GW and Wang N (2001). Reducing nitrogen loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River basin: strategies to counter a persistent ecological problem. BioScience, 51(5), 373- 388. Sabater S et al. (2003). Nitrogen removal by riparian buffers along a European climatic gradient: Patterns and factors of variation. Ecosystems, 6(1), 20-30. Dosskey MG (2002). Setting priorities for research on pollution reduction functions of agricultural buffers. Environmental Management, 30(5), 641-650. Hefting MM, Bobbink R and de Caluwe H (2003). Nitrous oxide emission and denitrification in chronically nitrate-loaded riparian buffer zones. Journal of Environmental. Quality, 32(4). Reay DS (2004). Fertilizer “solution” could turn local problem global. Nature, 427, 485. 238
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196: A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202: REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
Page 203 and 204: There are also measures that contro
Page 205 and 206: widely recognised as needing much a
Page 207 and 208: ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
Page 209 and 210: is the only mechanism identified fo
Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245: could be misleading. The results of
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252: and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254: FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 255 and 256: techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258: NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
Page 259 and 260: MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
Page 261 and 262: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 263 and 264: y standard methods and fresh, end o
Page 265 and 266: comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268: Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270: • numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272: Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274: Table 5: Results of land use scenar
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
Page 277 and 278: types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280: N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282: SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284: treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286: Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288: Notes 278
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