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of Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) in order to receive the Single Farm Payment. • Tier 2 provides non-competitive incentives to land managers and should promote measures that deliver multiple benefits, such as the widespread use of buffer strips at riparian field margins, management of farm wetlands, provision of farm ponds, conversion from winter to spring sown cereals, provision of vegetative over-winter cover and strip cropping. Fencing off watercourses and provision of alternative drinking points for livestock are measures also suited to Tier 2 though capital costs may necessitate their inclusion in Tier 3. • Tier 3 aims to enhance the environment and should provide significant competitive incentives for priority areas (identified from SEPA’s ‘characterisation’ process) linked to targeted GBRs. There is great scope for major environmental gains by encouraging partnership working at the catchment scale. Enhanced buffer strips and provision of adequate manure storage facilities should be encouraged. The restoration of naturally functioning wetland areas including riverine and coastal floodplains is of particular importance. Wetlands deliver the multiple benefits sought in policy development and should be a major element of any strategy to combat the cause and effects of diffuse pollution. Advice The existing farm advisory service is under review and a new scheme needs to be introduced as a requirement of the Farm Advisory Service provisions of the CAP mid-term review. This should be considered in the context of the 3 LMC tiers with widespread easy access to free advice on nutrient and soil management planning and the provision of public benefits. Catchment advisors should be appointed in priority areas. Planning The development of River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) and the establishment of Area Advisory Groups in spring 2006 will provide a major opportunity to address diffuse pollution in priority catchments. Programmes of Measures developed to implement the RBMPs should promote and encourage a package of measures to reduce diffuse pollution, including direct regulation, the restoration of wetlands, sustainable flood management, and changes in land use where necessary to achieve the ecological objectives of the WFD. CONCLUSION The current shift in emphasis of agricultural and water policy means that significant ecological improvements in the water environment at a catchment scale are possible, and required. This is an unprecedented opportunity to address the issue of diffuse pollution from agricultural sources which is currently causing such great environmental damage at significant cost. Policy integration is the key to effective implementation – agriculture policy reform must be fully integrated with measures to implement the WFD and WEWS Act. Development of a strategy to tackle diffuse pollution is a priority – a combination of regulation, incentives and advice should be applied on a widespread basis and targeted in key areas. Measures designed to address the problem must also deliver multiple objectives including habitat 177
protection and restoration, sustainable flood management, cleaner water supplies and recreational waters, and public health improvements. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful for the input of policy officers from SEPA and SNH to this work. REFERENCES Haygarth Phil, Penny Johnes, Dan Butterfield, Bob Foy and Paul Withers (2003). Land Use for Achieving ‘Good Ecological Status’ of Waterbodies in England and Wales: A Theoretical Exploration for Nitrogen and Phosphorus. A study commissioned by Defra. SEERAD (2005). Diffuse water pollution from rural land use: Consultation Paper by the Scottish Executive Paper 2005/35. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/12/12152505/25059 SEPA (2005). Scotland River Basin District. Characterisation and Impacts Analysis required by Article 5 of the Water Framework Directive. Summary Report. SEPA, Stirling. SEPA and Environment Agency (2005). Solway Tweed River Basin District. Characterisation and Impacts Analysis required by Article 5 of the Water Framework Directive. Summary Report. SEPA, Stirling. Vinten AJA, Towers W, King JA, McCracken DI, Crawford C, Cole LJ, Duncan A, Sym G, Aitken M, Avdic K, Lilly A, Langan S and Jones M (2005). Appraisal of rural BMP’s for controlling diffuse pollution and enhancing biodiversity. SNIFFER Report, Project WFD13: www.sniffer.org.uk. 178
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Page 137 and 138: A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139 and 140: Environmental Monitoring The primar
Page 141 and 142: BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
Page 143 and 144: (a) With reference to the increase
Page 145 and 146: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
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Page 153 and 154: MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
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Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164: anthropogenic activities are pollut
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Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174: Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184: THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185: equires the Minister to designate a
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192: farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194: practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196: A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202: REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
Page 203 and 204: There are also measures that contro
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Page 207 and 208: ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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