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REFERENCES Davison PS, Withers PJA, Lord EI, Betson MJ and Strömqvist J (2006). PSYCHIC – A process-based model of phosphorus and sediment mobilisation and delivery within agricultural catchments in England and Wales. Part 1 – Model description and parameterisation. Journal of Hydrology (in press). Defra (2004). Developing Measures to Promote Catchment-Sensitive Farming. A joint Defra-HM Treasury Consultation. URL. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/dwpa/index.htm Lord EI and Anthony SG (2000). MAGPIE: A modelling framework for evaluating nitrate exports at national and catchment scales. Soil Use and Management 16, 167–174. Withers PJA and Sharpley (2006). Catchment characterisation and targeting of best management practices to control sediment and phosphorus transfer from different sources. Journal of Hydrology (in press). 127
A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION STRATEGY TO MINIMISE LIVESTOCK POLLUTION TO SURFACE WATERS DW Merrilees 1 , JW Dickson 2 , WA Jeffrey 2 and D Kay 3 1 SAC Environmental, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW, UK, E-mail: Dave.Merrilees@ sac.co.uk; 2 SAC Environmental, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PH, UK; 3 CREH, C/o University of Wales, Lampeter, Ceredigion, SA48 7ED, UK SUMMARY The aim of the project was to determine to what extent best management practices (BMPs) could contribute to improved water quality in Brighouse Bay, a Designated Bathing Water in the South-west of Scotland. A range of BMPs was installed, mostly field rather than steading based, which prevented animal access to watercourses or water margins and treated yard run-off by retention ponds. Comparison with an unremediated ‘control’ catchment indicates a relative improvement in faecal indicator organism (FIO) flux to the bathing waters during the bathing season. This improvement is observed under high flow conditions, critical in terms of bathing water compliance. The most significant reduction in high flow FIO concentration was in watercourses where stock access was prevented from > 30% of the stream length and water margins. INTRODUCTION The report of the SEERAD Agriculture and Environment Working Group concluded that the main priority environmental issue for Scottish agriculture for the next 5– 10 years was diffuse pollution to water (Scottish Executive, 2002). Large volumes of livestock manures and dirty water are generated on livestock farms and these materials can contain great numbers of FIO including many potential pathogens (Scottish Executive Prevention of Environmental Pollution from Agricultural Activity (PEPFAA) Code, 2005). In 2004, Merrilees et al. reported on a SEERAD-funded project to deliver capital works measures and farm-specific advice to reduce FIO pollution from 48 farms in four sensitive bathing waters catchments across Scotland. The total works included drainage (1,600 m), fencing (44,000 m), gates (290), guttering/ downpipes (900 m), waterpipes (25,000 m), troughs (130), cow tracks (4,900 m), concrete aprons/ floors (1,100 m 2 ), water breaks (500 m), steading roofs (12), plus ancillary pumps, sumps, tanks and concrete works. A number of constraints have been recognised and lessons learned about the undertaking of this sort of work in the farm context. A number of aspects about ongoing maintenance have been identified also. Reducing faecal pollution risks from farms requires a knowledge of the pollution pathways, promotion of good farming practices, capital works for manure and slurry reduction, containment, storage or treatment and integrated delivery of advice and financial support to ‘at risk’ farms as outlined in the ‘Forward Strategy for Scottish Agriculture’. Brighouse Bay is a Designated Bathing Water and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in the South-west of Scotland, near Kirkcudbright. This bathing water has 128
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122: 60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126: was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128: iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130: Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132: to control SS and P loads from agri
Page 133 and 134: Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135: Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 139 and 140: Environmental Monitoring The primar
Page 141 and 142: BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
Page 143 and 144: (a) With reference to the increase
Page 145 and 146: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
Page 147 and 148: The Environment Sensitive Farming (
Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
Page 151 and 152: to do more to reduce pesticide impa
Page 153 and 154: MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
Page 159 and 160: infiltration of water sheeting off
Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164: anthropogenic activities are pollut
Page 165 and 166: monitoring is determined up front b
Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174: Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184: THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
show all

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