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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Experiment Field experiments have been established at three contrasting sites (Figure 1). The soils at Loddington in Leicestershire consist of Hanslope and Denchworth series clays on an erodible slope. The site is run by the Allerton Trust which seeks to demonstrate means of farming profitably with minimal environmental impact. The soil at the Moorfield site at ADAS Rosemaund consists of a silty clay loam of the Bromyard/Middleton series. The site at Old Hattons, near Wolverhampton is owned and operated by Seven Trent Water plc. The soils here are of a sandy loam texture, have a high P content and are prone to erosion. They are poorly structured sandy loam soils overlying compacted glacial till. A number of different treatments with the potential to reduce P losses will be investigated at each site. Figure 1: The location of the Loddington, Moorfield and Rosemaund field sites At each field site run-off from unbounded plots (12 m wide and the length of the hill slope) will be collected in troughs towards the base of the slope and will run through pipes to sample splitters. The sample splitters will enable the collection of between 50% and 12.5% of run-off depending on conditions. The collected run-off will be stored in tanks for subsequent sub-sampling and analysis. TREATMENTS Cultivation Techniques Minimum tillage is currently being promoted as an erosion control tool and experiments in Bedfordshire have shown that cultivation across the slope and minimum tillage 245
techniques can significantly reduce soil erosion on sandy soils (Quinton and Catt, 2004). Unpublished data by the same authors has indicated that it can also reduce losses of total P. We will trial minimum tillage (at Loddington and Rosemaund) and across slope cultivation (at Loddington) to determine the effects on P losses. Tramline Management Tramlines are a key conduit for the transfer of sediment and P at the field scale and previous work (DEFRA project number PE0111 – ADAS, 2003) has shown that concentrations of total P in run-off from fields with no tramlines were half of those with tramlines. However, tramlines are an important component of modern agriculture so methods (e.g. tramline disruption and vegetative techniques) to reduce run-off on tramlines will be investigated. . Cover Crops The use of cover crops is recommended in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) but there is little data available to demonstrate whether they are suitable for reducing P loses. Cover crops rely on establishing rapid canopy cover to prevent raindrop impact and reduce the velocity of surface run-off therefore reducing P losses in sediment. Crops to be investigated in this project include wheat and barley. Crop Residue Management Widely used in the United States to control soil erosion, crop residue management involves the use of residues of the previous year’s crops to protect the soil surface and maintain an open soil structure so water can infiltrate. This will potentially be a key technique to use on the weakly structured soils. Vegetative Barriers Long slopes were identified as important for the transport of P in a previous investigation (ADAS, 2003). In this project we will reduce slope length will be reduced by introducing live vegetative barriers across slopes in the form of beetle banks. These are already funded under the Environmental Stewardship scheme to enhance biodiversity and introduce natural predators. Laboratory Analysis The run-off samples collected will be analysed for total P and total P < 0.45 mm using acid molybdate/antinomy with ascorbic acid reduction (Department of Environment, 1992; USEPA, 1985) and determined spectrophotometrically (880 nm) using a Seal Analytical AQ2 analyser. Total nitrogen will be determined using high temperature catalytic oxidation and chemoluminescence. Total suspended solids in the run-off samples will be determined using a standard filtration and drying technique (Bartram and Balance, 1996). DISCUSSION This project will allow the development and testing of recommendations for mitigating P losses with consideration of pollution swapping. Measures taken to reduce the losses of one pollutant to the environment can cause other pollutants to increase. This project is primarily looking at the impact of the selected mitigation option on 246
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246: could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248: TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252: and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253: FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 257 and 258: NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
Page 259 and 260: MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
Page 261 and 262: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 263 and 264: y standard methods and fresh, end o
Page 265 and 266: comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268: Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270: • numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272: Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274: Table 5: Results of land use scenar
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
Page 277 and 278: types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280: N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282: SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284: treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286: Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288: Notes 278
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