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ecourse to the law courts would only be for non-payment, at least for initial offences that are subsequently adequately resolved. How might this work in Scotland? First inspection visit could be at no charge; if anything is found to be in breach of GBR, then a letter would be sent to the farmer or forester or whoever, warning that if not corrected within a reasonable time (to be determined), an on-the-spot fine may be imposed. An enforcement procedure would be set out and farmers would be sent bills for payment, with risk of court action for non-payment. The size of the fine could be set at the cost to SEPA for the average time for two farm visits? N.B. this is not currently envisaged in regulatory options for Scotland. Precedents exist in Scotland, for example in relation to control of litter by local authorities, but not for work by SEPA. The idea is to have smaller fines in line with the environmental risk of the individual misdemeanour, yet still have some regulatory option to encourage best practice. However, there is a wider issue of funding the inspection and promotion of good practice in the rural sector, including monitoring associated environmental quality. SEPA recovers as much of the costs of regulation as possible from the major point source discharges such as municipal sewage and process effluents from industry. SEPA is fully stretched servicing these few thousand such discharges; how will it recover inspection and enforcement action for the hundreds of thousands of individually minor sources that together can seriously influence water quality? The collection of subsistence charges from some rural businesses, or on the spot fines to cover necessary enforcement, will not be sufficient to fund pro-active campaigns and educational partnership initiatives as part of catchment management planning. Diffuse pollution is already a major driver for catchment planning projects in Scotland (SEPA, 2004b). For agriculture, it is sensible for all the government-funded agencies whose field officers visit farms to collaborate: a) to ensure consistent messages are conveyed to farmers, and b) with its farm visits, SEPA can fulfil its regulatory duties by undertaking an audit role of the uptake of good practice and risk to the environment. While delivery of the message to the sector may be primarily by the sector-based partners in such a scenario, SEPA would have to continue to play an ever more proactive role in joint training for agricultural advisors if such a light touch for regulatory action is to be considered and likely to be effective. CONCLUSIONS Regulating rural diffuse pollution presents SEPA with many challenges and opportunities. With the introduction of WFD legislation and CAR there is an opportunity to take a fresh look at the means by which this is undertaken. One of the greatest challenges will come in relation to effectively enforcing pollution-sensitive land-use decision-making. Promotion of best practice will continue to be the standard means of diffuse pollution control from rural areas. However, the expense of educational (e.g. catchment based) initiatives is the hidden cost of light touch regulation: the regulated sectors need to be told about the GBRs for example, as well as about how to comply with them. At present central government funding to the agency 199
is the only mechanism identified for SEPA’s costs. Working closely with others in government and the rural sector offers cost effective ways to minimise costs as well as regulatory burdens. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Dave Gorman, Jannette MacDonald and Lynda Gairns in SEPA and Dave Merrilees of SAC, for looking at drafts of the paper and offering constructive comments. This is a discussion paper, so opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent corporate views of their employers. REFERENCES Bhamidimarri R, Edwards A, D’Arcy BJ and Gairns L (in preparation). Design considerations for constructed farm wetlands. Campbell NS, D’Arcy BJ, Frost CA, Novotny V and Sansom AL (2004). Diffuse Pollution – An Introduction to the Problems and the Solutions. IWAP, London. Clayden I (2006). Delivering environmental benefits through land management contracts. In: Agriculture and Environment VI: Managing Rural Diffuse Pollution. Proceedings of the SAC and SEPA Biennial Conference, 5–6 April 2006, Edinburgh. D’Arcy BJ (2005). Diffuse dilemmas: meeting the pollution challenge. In: Water 21, December 2005, pp 38-40. IWAP, London. D’Arcy BJ and Frost CA (2001). The role of best management practices in alleviating water quality problems associated with diffuse pollution. The Science of the Total Environment 265, 359–367. Davies B (2006). Carrots, Sticks, Sermons or Hugs? Designing Co-ordinated Policy Measures for the Uptake of Environmental Management Options. In: Agriculture and Environment VI: Managing Rural Diffuse Pollution. Proceedings of the SAC and SEPA Biennial Conference, 5–6 April 2006, Edinburgh. Edwards AC et al. In preparation for Journal of Environmental Management. Scottish Executive (2005) Diffuse Water Pollution from Rural land Use. Scottish Executive Environment Group Paper 2005/35. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh. SEPA (2004a). A strategy for the control of diffuse pollution. Unpublished Technical report of the Scottish Environment Protection Agency; Diffuse Pollution Initiative report no. DPI 20. SEPA, Stirling. SEPA (2004b). Catchment management and diffuse pollution in Scotland. A review of partnership projects with particular regard to diffuse pollution. Unpublished Technical report of the Scottish Environment Protection Agency; Diffuse Pollution Initiative report no. DPI 23. SEPA, Stirling. 200
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
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Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174: Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188: protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192: farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194: practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196: A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202: REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
Page 203 and 204: There are also measures that contro
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Page 207: ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246: could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248: TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252: and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254: FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 255 and 256: techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258: NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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