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Through addressing the above questions, the ultimate aim is to improve guidance on the design and maintenance of ponds and wetlands to reduce the contribution of farm steading run-off to diffuse pollution of Scottish waters. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge the support of SEERAD in funding the Langside research, Colin Crawford (Scottish Agricultural College) for field support and the farmers at Old Castle, Langside and Black Loch for access to their land. Jill Lancaster (The University of Edinburgh) and SEPA advised on the macroinvertebrate surveys. REFERENCES Biggs J, Fox G, Nicolet P, Walker D, Whitfield M and Williams P (1998). A Guide to the Methods of the National Pond Survey. Pond Action, Oxford. Borin M, Bonaiti G, Santamaria G and Giardini L (2001). A constructed surface flow wetland for treating agricultural waste waters. Water Science and Technology 44, 523–530. Braskerud BC (2002). Factors affecting phosphorus retention in small constructed wetlands receiving agricultural non-point source pollution. Ecological Engineering 19, 41–61. Campbell N, D’Arcy B, Frost A, Novotny V and Sansom A (2004). Diffuse Pollution: An Introduction to the Problems. IWA Publishing, London. Dunne EJ, Reddy KR and Carton AE (Eds.) (2005a). Nutrient Management in Agricultural Watersheds: A Wetlands Solution. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Dunne EJ, Culleton N, O’Donovan G, Harrington R and Olsen AE (2005b). An integrated constructed wetland to treat contaminants and nutrients from dairy farmyard dirty water. Ecological Engineering 24, 221–234. EC (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal L 327 22/12/2000: P. 0001 – 0073. Fink DF and Mitsch WJ (2004). Seasonal and storm event nutrient removal by a created wetland in an agricultural watershed. Ecological Engineering 23, 313–325. Geary PM and Moore JA (1999). Suitability of a treatment wetland for dairy wastewaters. Water Science and Technology 40, 179–185. Hunt PG and Poach ME (2001). State of the art for animal wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands. Water Science and Technology 44, 19–25. Kadlec RH (2003). Pond and wetland treatment. Water Science and Technology 48, 1–8. Raisin GW and Mitchell DS (1995). The use of wetlands for the control of non-point source pollution. Water Science and Technology 32, 177–186. 69
Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Stone K and Grubbs A (2001). Treatment of swine wastewater in marsh-pond-marsh constructed wetlands. Water Science and Technology 44, 545–550. SEPA (2002). Total phosphorus water quality standards for Scottish freshwater lochs. SEPA Policy No. 16. Thorén A-K, Legrand C and Tonderski KS (2004). Temporal export of nitrogen from a constructed wetland: influence of hydrology and senescing submerged plants. Ecological Engineering 23, 233–249. 70
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
Page 27 and 28: • It should be possible to apply
Page 29 and 30: Scottish Executive against 18 measu
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
Page 33 and 34: ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
Page 35 and 36: management practices’ (BMPs) toge
Page 37 and 38: It is envisaged that these data wil
Page 39 and 40: testing (including climate change)
Page 41 and 42: Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122: 60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126: was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128: iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
show all

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