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Whilst US regulatory approaches exemplified in the TMDL concept have sought to set water quality criteria in ‘inputs’ as seen in Table 1. There is little evidence to date that the US studies have progressed to the stage of distributed white box modelling which could underpin evidence-based advice on remediation strategies to the farming community. Current criteria specified in Table 1 are little more than ‘ambient’ water quality criteria for recreational and shellfish harvesting waters. This ‘precautionary’ approach is understandable but only serves to illustrate the basic lack of hard scientific information on catchment microbial dynamics. This suggests that Haygarth’s (Hagarth et al., 2005) definition of microbial dynamics as the 21st Century Challenge is just as appropriate to the agencies and research scientists responsible for TMDL application as it is to those EU colleagues designing programmes of measures for WFD implementation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Elements of this analysis related the WFD components will be published in the May 2006 edition of the Proceedings of the Chartered Institution of Civil Engineers. We are grateful for helpful advice from US scientists involved in TMDL investigations including David J Lewis, Peter Krottje and Farhad Ghodrati. All errors of fact or interpretation are, however, the authors’ responsibility. REFERENCES Achleitner S, De Toffol S, Engelhard C and Rauch W (2005). The European Water Framework Directive: Water quality classification and implications to engineering planning. Environmental Management 35(4), 517-525. Anon (2003). Tomales Bay Pathogen Protection Plan. California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region. Anon (2004). Pathogens in Tomales Bay Total Maximum Daily Load: Final Project Report. California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region. Anon (2005a). Tomales Bay California, TMDL Report Appendix A. Appendix A Tentative Resolution With Proposed Basin Plan Amendment (Exhibit A). California Regional Water Quality Control Board San Francisco Bay Region Resolution R2- 2005, San Francisco. Anon (2005b). Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC, 2002/2054 (COD) C6-0373/2005. The European Parliament and The Council, Brussels. Borgvang SA and Bar LJ (2005). The EUROHARP Toolbox - a Tool towards Bridging the Gap between Scientists and Managers in Policy Instrument Implementation. http://euroharp.org/showart_open_area.php?art=31 Council of the European Communities (CEC) (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000, establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities L327, 1-72, 2000. 31
Council of the European Communities (CEC) (2002). Proposal of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the quality of bathing waters COM 581 final, 2002, Brussels, 24 October 2002. Council of the European Communities (CEC) (2004). Amended proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the management of bathing water quality. Brussels, 23 June 2004. Dampney P, Mason P, Goodlass G and Hillman J (2002). Methods and measures to minimise diffuse pollution form agriculture - a critical appraisal. ADAS, Gleadthorpe. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/quality/diffuse/agri/reports/pdf/ dwpa05.pdf Defra (2002). Directing the flow priorities for future water policy. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, HMSO, London. Defra (2003). Strategic review of diffuse water pollution from agriculture. Discussion document, Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/quality/diffuse/agri/reports/pdf/ dwpa07.pdf Defra (2004). Strategic review of diffuse water pollution from agriculture. Initial appraisal of policy instruments to control water pollution from agriculture. Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, London. Dickson JW, Edwards AC, Jeffrey B and Kay D (2005). Catchment scale appraisal of best management practices (BMPs) for the improvement of bathing water – Brighouse Bay. Edinburgh, SAC Environmental, Auchincruive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Water/15561/15068 Harrington R, Dunne EJ, Carroll P, Keohane J and Ryder C (2005). The concept, design and performance of integrated constructed wetlands for the treatment of farmyard dirty water, in Nutrient Management in Agricultural Watersheds: A Wetlands Solution. Eds. EJ Dunne, KR Reddy and OT Carton. Wageningen Academic Publishers: The Netherlands. Haygarth P, Granger S, Chadwick D, Shepherd M and Fogg P (2005). A Provisional Inventory of Diffuse Pollution Losses. ADAS Report for DEFRA, London. Heathwaite AL, Dils RM, Liu S, Carvalho L, Brazier RE, Pope L, Hughes M, Phillips G and May L (2005). A tiered risk-based approach for predicting diffuse and point source phosphorus losses in agricultural areas. Science of the Total Environment 344(1-3), 225-239. Kay D, Francis C, Edwards A, Kay C, McDonald A, Lowe N, Stapleton C, Watkins J and Wyer M (2005a). The efficacy of natural wastewater treatment systems in removing faecal indicator bacteria. UK Water Industry Research (UKWIR). Report Number 07/WW/21/5 Water UK, ISBN 1 84057 385 6, London. Kay D, Wyer MD, Crowther J, Wilkinson J, Stapleton C and Glass P (2005b). Sustainable reduction in the flux of microbial compliance parameters to coastal 32
Page 1 and 2: International Water Association AGR
Page 3 and 4: 2006 Conference Organising Committe
Page 5 and 6: Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
Page 7 and 8: Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
Page 9 and 10: viii
Page 11 and 12: managers need support in understand
Page 13 and 14: During the past 20 years, it became
Page 15 and 16: infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
Page 17 and 18: DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
Page 19 and 20: Using the results of the unsupervis
Page 21 and 22: Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
Page 23 and 24: WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
Page 25 and 26: Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
Page 27 and 28: • It should be possible to apply
Page 29 and 30: Scottish Executive against 18 measu
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
Page 33 and 34: ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
Page 35 and 36: management practices’ (BMPs) toge
Page 37 and 38: It is envisaged that these data wil
Page 39: testing (including climate change)
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92:
cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94:
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96:
spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98:
£25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100:
Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102:
REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106:
Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108:
Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110:
ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112:
In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114:
Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116:
D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118:
ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120:
Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122:
60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126:
was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128:
iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130:
Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132:
to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135 and 136:
Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 137 and 138:
A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
Page 145 and 146:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
Page 149 and 150:
improved further as a result of att
Page 151 and 152:
to do more to reduce pesticide impa
Page 153 and 154:
MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156:
turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158:
Although nitrate leaching can be re
Page 159 and 160:
infiltration of water sheeting off
Page 161 and 162:
Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164:
anthropogenic activities are pollut
Page 165 and 166:
monitoring is determined up front b
Page 167 and 168:
(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170:
• Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172:
Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174:
Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176:
policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180:
• tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184:
THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186:
equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188:
protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190:
expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192:
farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194:
practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196:
A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198:
The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200:
MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202:
REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
Page 203 and 204:
There are also measures that contro
Page 205 and 206:
widely recognised as needing much a
Page 207 and 208:
ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
Page 209 and 210:
is the only mechanism identified fo
Page 211 and 212:
PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214:
structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216:
REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218:
LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220:
MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222:
Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224:
Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226:
Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228:
DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230:
Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232:
Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234:
OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236:
to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238:
stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242:
A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244:
Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246:
could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248:
TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250:
AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252:
and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254:
FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 255 and 256:
techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258:
NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
Page 259 and 260:
MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
Page 261 and 262:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 263 and 264:
y standard methods and fresh, end o
Page 265 and 266:
comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268:
Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270:
• numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272:
Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274:
Table 5: Results of land use scenar
Page 275 and 276:
CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
Page 277 and 278:
types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280:
N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282:
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284:
treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286:
Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288:
Notes 278
show all

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