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in the European community-an appraisal of their usefulness in raising awareness of environmental problems. European Journal of Agronomy 20, 17–24. Goodlass G and Welch W (2005) British Survey of Fertiliser Practice: Fertiliser Use on Farm Crops for Crop Year 2004. The BSFP Authority, London. Halberg N, Verschuur G and Goodlass G (2005). Farm level environmental indicators; are they useful? An overview of green accounting systems for European farms. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 105, 195–212. Jones GE, Rolls MJ and Tranter RB (1987). Information management in agriculture. British Library R&D report. Morris J, Mills J and Crawford IM (2000). Promoting uptake of agri-environmental schemes: the Countryside Stewardship Arable Options Schemes. Land Use Policy 17, 241-254. Scott T, Hollis K, Goodlass G, Johnson PA and Shepherd MA (2004). Nitrate vulnerable zones - 2003 re-survey report. Internal Defra report. Winter M, Mills J and Wragg A (2000). Practical delivery of farm conservation management in England. English Nature Research Report 393 by Countryside and Community Research Unit, University of Gloucestershire. 185
A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN BRITTANY (FRANCE) USING ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION P Newell Price 1 and M-L Daumer 2 1 ADAS, Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Notts, NG20 9PF, UK, E-mail: paul. newell-price@adas.co.uk; 2 Cemagref, Livestock and Municipal Waste Management Research Unit, 17 avenue de Cucille, CS 64427, 35044 Rennes Cedex, France SUMMARY French intensive livestock production has become increasingly concentrated in Brittany over the past 40 years. This has resulted in a serious diffuse pollution problem. Increasing nitrate concentrations in waters and eutrophication have impacted on water treatment, the environment and tourism. To deal with this situation, environmental regulations were introduced in 2001 at both a regional and departmental level. Funding is now provided via the Agence de l’Eau and the regional and departmental councils to help farmers improve water quality. This paper uses the approach taken in Brittany as an example of how one European region has attempted to reduce diffuse pollution through a combination of education, economic instruments and regulation. INTRODUCTION After the introduction of the Nitrates Directive, EU member states were required to implement a programme of measures to reverse the trend of increasing nitrate concentrations in sensitive waters. The methods used to improve water quality vary between countries, according to the specific nature of the problem and the degree to which regulation and economic instruments are seen as acceptable means of attempting to address this issue. This paper provides an overview of the approach taken in Brittany (France) where regulation and economic instruments have been used since 1994 to encourage farmers to adopt what are considered to be the best management practices for the region. CONTEXT Only 5% of French agricultural land is in Brittany, but the region contains 55% of French pig production and a large proportion of dairy and poultry production. This concentration of livestock supports a food production and processing economy that is vital to the prosperity and identity of the region (SCEES, 1995). However, such intensification gives rise to a number of environmental and logistical problems. Large quantities of animal feed are imported into the region but the livestock themselves only retain a small proportion of the nutrients. As a result, in many instances the amount of nutrients excreted by livestock is far greater than the amount required to support crop growth at a farm or district level. The intensification of livestock production in the Brittany region has also led to some conflict with tourism (Merceron, 1999). For example, the increase in eutrophication of surface waters and estuaries has been attributed to nutrient surplus (Figure 1). This has been an area of particular concern, given the importance of bathing waters and shellfisheries to the economy of the region. 186
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
Page 143 and 144: (a) With reference to the increase
Page 145 and 146: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
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Page 153 and 154: MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
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Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164: anthropogenic activities are pollut
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Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174: Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184: THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188: protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192: farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193: practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202: REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
Page 203 and 204: There are also measures that contro
Page 205 and 206: widely recognised as needing much a
Page 207 and 208: ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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