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major factor in the stakeholder involvement has been the necessity for communication between all parties at all stages and that this communication has been based on a common understanding of the stakeholder requirements and the technical issues. The success of the intervention for the stakeholders can be commented on through the continued interest and involvement in the work and apparent willingness to continue with the work and to roll it out across the catchment. Through the approach taken, i.e. the monitoring of the impact of intervention of best management practices in the catchment, it is hoped that the site can act as a demonstration for others to learn. This will become increasingly important as the implementation of the WFD moves forward. It is interesting to note that within the context of the WFD and the River Dee catchment that SEPA, through their characterisation report, have identified Tarland as at risk of failing good ecological status through pressures from diffuse pollution and morphological change. It is also likely that the catchment will appear as a priority in the Dee catchment management plan that is currently being drafted and consulted on. Further activity and work to reduce these pressures in Tarland is currently underway through the North Sea Commission Interreg funding (3 Dee Vision). CONCLUSIONS This paper has introduced some of the issues that arise in relation to water quality and describes stakeholder involvement and participation through which improvements have been achieved. The programme of action suggested has been designed in such a way that an evaluation of the benefits of the implementation of measures can be assessed through the monitoring and survey network already established. The pressures which generate the problems identified and the solutions with which to reduce their impact in the Tarland catchment are generic for many rural and agricultural catchments in Scotland and other parts of Northern Europe. It is hoped that the lessons learned in Tarland can be used in the development of other community and catchment based action plans elsewhere. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the invaluable assistance and help given by the MacRobert Trust, Scottish Water, SEPA, SNH, Aberdeenshire Council and the farmers and community of Tarland and Howe of Cromar. Funding for the work has been from SEERAD, SNH and Aberdeenshire Council. 229
REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal L 327, 0001–0073. Hawkes HA (1997). Origin and development of the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score system. Water Research 32, 964–968. Hilton J (2002). A dictionary of BMPs for the reduction of silt, phosphorus and other pollutants emanating from diffuse sources into surface waters. NERC report, URL http://www.nerc.ac.uk. Langan SJ, Wade AJ, Smart R, Edwards AC, Soulsby C, Billett MF, Jarvie HP, Cresser MS, Owen R and Ferrier RC (1997). The prediction and management of water quality in a relatively unpolluted catchment: current issues and experimental approaches. The Science of the Total Environment 194/195, 419–435. Scottish Executive (2005) Prevention of Environmental Pollution From Agricultural Activity: A Code of Good Practice. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh. SEPA (2000). The Dee Catchment Management Plan Issues Consultation document. SEPA, Aberdeen. SEPA (2005). Scotland River Basin District: Characterisation and impact analyses required by Article 5 of the Water Framework Directive, summary report. SEPA 230
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188: protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192: farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194: practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196: A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202: REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
Page 203 and 204: There are also measures that contro
Page 205 and 206: widely recognised as needing much a
Page 207 and 208: ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
Page 209 and 210: is the only mechanism identified fo
Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246: could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248: TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252: and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254: FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 255 and 256: techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258: NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
Page 259 and 260: MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
Page 261 and 262: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 263 and 264: y standard methods and fresh, end o
Page 265 and 266: comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268: Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270: • numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272: Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274: Table 5: Results of land use scenar
Page 275 and 276: CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
Page 277 and 278: types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280: N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282: SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284: treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286: Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288: Notes 278
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