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the cost of these financial investments will be partly offset by increased manure fertiliser N replacement values (resulting from reduced nitrate and ammonia losses) and increased spreading opportunities for slurry throughout the cropping season. Plate 1: Trailing hose slurry application to winter wheat (left) and trailing shoe slurry application on grassland (right) This paper quantifies the economic implications of changing manure management practices to minimise nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilisation losses on model pig, dairy and broiler farms on contrasting soil types and under different climatic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The impacts of changing manure application timings from autumn (August–October) to spring/summer (February–July) on nitrate leaching losses and ammonia emissions were quantified for six model livestock farms (Table 1). The amount of nitrogen applied to land was estimated based on standard livestock N production figures (Anon, 2000). For the dairy farms, it was assumed that 60% of the estimated N production was spread as slurry, with the remainder deposited during spring/summer grazing. For the pig and broiler farms, it was assumed that all of the estimated N production was returned to land via manure applications. N Losses Data from experiments carried out on a range of soil types (Chambers et al., 2000; Williams et al., 2005a), where nitrate leaching losses were measured after autumn surface broadcast applications of slurry or broiler litter, were used to estimate nitrate leaching losses as a percentage of the total N applied. Ammonia emissions were estimated using MANNER (Chambers et al., 1999) assuming a slurry dry matter content of 4% for pig slurry and 6% for cattle slurry. Slurry bandspreading was assumed to reduce ammonia losses by 30% compared with surface broadcasting (Chambers et al., 2001). Storage Capacity and Spreading Equipment The existing slurry storage capacity was assumed to be 3 months for the model dairy farms and 4 months for the model pig farms, which is typical of current commercial practice (Smith et al., 2000, 2001). On the dairy farms, it was assumed that slurry could be spread in spring from early February to late March and to silage aftermaths in the summer (i.e. an August to January no spread period). To avoid the need to 85
spread cattle slurry in the autumn period, an extra 3-months slurry storage (2,100 m3) was assumed to be needed on the dairy farms. On the pig farms which were in arable production, cropping patterns were assumed to limit slurry applications to a 3-month period between early February and late April (i.e. a May to January no spread period) as a result, it was assumed that the slurry storage capacity needed to increase from 4 to 9 months (1,000 to 2,250 m 3 ). Table 1: Description of model farms Farm type and cropping (location) Breeding pigs – arable (Cambs) Breeding pigs – arable (East Yorks) Dairy – grass (North Yorks) Dairy – grass (Devon) Dairy – grass (Shropshire) Broilers – arable (Notts) Soil texture Average annual rainfall (mm) Animal numbers Clay 550 1,330 Silty clay loam over chalk Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Loamy sand places 750 1,330 places 700 270 1,100 270 650 270 (150 dairy cows, 120 followers) (150 dairy cows, 120 followers) (150 dairy cows, 120 followers) 640 150,000 places Quantity of manure spread (t) 3,000 (4% dry matter) 3,000 (4% dry matter) 5,040 (6% dry matter) 5,040 (6% dry matter) 5,040 (6% dry matter) Manure N spread (kg) 12,000 9* 12,000 19† 15,120 11‡ 15,120 30‡ 15,120 17§ 2,475 74,250 13 Nitrate leaching losses following autumn spreading (%total N applied) *4 site years between 1995/96 and 2000/01, †1 site year 2002/03, ‡4 site years 1990/91 to 1993/94, §3 site years 1991/92 to 1993/94, 3 sites years 1990/91 to 1992/93. The financial costs of increasing slurry storage capacity were calculated using typical industry figures of £35/m 3 , with the capital investment costs amortised over 20 years at an interest rate of 5%, giving an annual repayment cost of £80 per £1,000 borrowed. For the broiler litter, it was assumed that the solid manure was stored in field heaps, so there would be no substantial extra capital investment required to store the manure from autumn through to spring. 86
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
Page 113 and 114: Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116: D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118: ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120: Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122: 60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126: was contributed to the low vegetati
Page 127 and 128: iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130: Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132: to control SS and P loads from agri
Page 133 and 134: Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
Page 135 and 136: Within the Teme catchment, largest
Page 137 and 138: A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139 and 140: Environmental Monitoring The primar
Page 141 and 142: BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
Page 143 and 144: (a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
show all

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