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objectives due to diffuse pollution. Diffuse pollution is now a more significant source of pollution than point sources in most water bodies. This significant shift reflects the improvements in point source discharges brought about by more effective regulation. Agriculture is the most significant cause of diffuse water pollution in Scotland although it is not invariably the most severe. Urban run-off is responsible for some of the most polluted waters in Scotland. Other important pressures are forestry and acidification. Figure 1 shows the relative pressure on river waters by industry sector. Diffuse Pollution Pressures on Rivers in Scotland 2005 Septic tanks Other Forestry Urba n run-off Agriculture and Forestry Acidification Arable and horticulture Mining a nd quarrying Mixed F arming Livestock Figure 1: Diffuse pressures on rivers in Scotland by sector. The category ‘agriculture and forestry’ is where further characterisation is required to split their relative contributions. ‘Other’ includes recreation, water transport and refuse disposal activities (Scottish Executive, 2005) A screening tool for diffuse pollutants has been developed (Anthony et al., 2005) to supplement the risk assessment described above. This has allowed sources of pollutants from agriculture, forestry, urban run-off, roads, septic tanks and sewage discharges to be estimated (Table 1). Agriculture clearly dominates the losses of N, P and soils, contributing 74%, 52% and 88% of the total load, respectively. Sewage discharges dominate the faecal pathogen load, but with agriculture making a significant 23% contribution. Forestry is a significant contributor to soil losses because of the sensitivity of some areas, e.g. upland nutrient-poor lochs, where P losses are locally significant. 15
Table 1: Modelled total annual losses (for Escherichia coli 1014 cfu per year, otherwise tonnes per year) to surface and groundwater by source Diffuse sources Urban Roads Agriculture Forestry Septic tanks Point source Sewage discharges NO 3 2724 470 45569 769 1886 10558 P 289 36 2833 237 142 1928 SS 46820 29598 773845 13449 7513 7198 FIO 400 90 7300 – 2400 21400 Information on agricultural practices causing water bodies to be placed at risk has been compiled from farm scale diffuse pollution audit work (Frost et al., 2000). Major activities posing a risk to the water environment include excessive use of nutrients in many cases caused by not taking into account the nutrient content of manures and slurries, the use of contractors resulting in spreading of slurry in inappropriate conditions, cropping in high-risk locations e.g. arable cultivation of fields that flood regularly, cultivation of slopes next to watercourses, and the access of stock to watercourses. SEPA will continue to refine its risk assessment data. A new monitoring programme will be underway in 2006. For diffuse pollution, monitoring needs to be more intensive and it is planned to monitor in a range of ‘priority catchments’ which represent a selection of land use, soil type and climatic conditions in Scotland. More details of this and the results of further characterisation will be described in the Significant Water Management Issues Report due to be published in 2007. MONITORING AND CLASSIFICATION The WFD requires SEPA, and other responsible organisations in Scotland, to develop new monitoring and classification systems by December 2006. The monitoring and classification systems will cover all surface water and groundwater bodies, and be based on a new Ecological Classification system, with five quality classes. The classification system will be underpinned by a range of biological quality elements, supported by measurements of physico-chemistry, hydrology and morphology. As a prerequisite to remediation accurate estimates of the relative sources of diffuse pollutants must be made. For diffuse pollutants this presents a particular challenge due to the flow proportional nature of diffuse loads and concentrations (Figure 2). 16
Page 1 and 2: International Water Association AGR
Page 3 and 4: 2006 Conference Organising Committe
Page 5 and 6: Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
Page 7 and 8: Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
Page 9 and 10: viii
Page 11 and 12: managers need support in understand
Page 13 and 14: During the past 20 years, it became
Page 15 and 16: infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
Page 17 and 18: DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
Page 19 and 20: Using the results of the unsupervis
Page 21 and 22: Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
Page 23: WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
Page 27 and 28: • It should be possible to apply
Page 29 and 30: Scottish Executive against 18 measu
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
Page 33 and 34: ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
Page 35 and 36: management practices’ (BMPs) toge
Page 37 and 38: It is envisaged that these data wil
Page 39 and 40: testing (including climate change)
Page 41 and 42: Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76:
Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78:
Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80:
Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82:
In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86:
CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88:
Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90:
Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94:
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98:
£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102:
REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110:
ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112:
In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
Page 115 and 116:
D. Use relative area of farm and wh
Page 117 and 118:
ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
Page 119 and 120:
Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
Page 121 and 122:
60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
Page 123 and 124:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
Page 125 and 126:
was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
Page 129 and 130:
Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
Page 131 and 132:
to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158:
Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
Page 161 and 162:
Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
Page 165 and 166:
monitoring is determined up front b
Page 167 and 168:
(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170:
• Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172:
Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176:
policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184:
THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194:
practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198:
The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200:
MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202:
REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
Page 207 and 208:
ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216:
REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222:
Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226:
Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228:
DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230:
Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234:
OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238:
stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242:
A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244:
Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248:
TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250:
AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254:
FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
Page 257 and 258:
NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
Page 259 and 260:
MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
Page 261 and 262:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
Page 263 and 264:
y standard methods and fresh, end o
Page 265 and 266:
comparable to those in water draini
Page 267 and 268:
Results may be influential in deter
Page 269 and 270:
• numbers and distribution of liv
Page 271 and 272:
Using this method of classification
Page 273 and 274:
Table 5: Results of land use scenar
Page 275 and 276:
CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
Page 277 and 278:
types. This paper reports results f
Page 279 and 280:
N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
Page 281 and 282:
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284:
treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286:
Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288:
Notes 278
show all

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