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A STATEWIDE APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING, QUANTIFYING AND MITIGATING DIFFUSE POLLUTION- RELATED PROBLEMS BM Evans Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA, E-mail: bme1@psu.edu SUMMARY The State of Pennsylvania has implemented a number of strategies and programs to mitigate surface water quality problems throughout the state. To address these problems, the state has developed an integrated approach to identify and quantify water quality problems using rapid bio-assessment and simulation modeling protocols, respectively. In the latter case, watershed and/or ‘in-stream’ computer models are used to estimate loads as part of ‘total maximum daily load’ assessments required by the Clean Water Act. The results of such assessments are used to prioritize areas for future restoration activities. These restoration activities, which are normally co-ordinated by local watershed groups, are funded by the State’s ‘Growing Greener’ programme that combines money from both federal and state sources. INTRODUCTION Under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, all states within the United States are required to conduct Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) assessments for all water bodies within their jurisdiction that are not attaining water quality standards for their designated use. To address this requirement, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PaDEP) has developed a multi-tiered approach to identifying, quantifying and rectifying water quality problems within the state. This paper describes PaDEP’s integrated approach to addressing those problems primarily related to diffuse or non-point source pollution impacts on streams. This integrated approach incorporates the following components: (1) identification of water quality impacts via the use of assorted protocols, (2) inclusion of identified problem areas on a statewide ‘impaired waters’ list, (3) quantification of specific pollutant loads via the use of in-stream water quality data or simulation modelling, (4) development and implementation of mitigation plans, (5) evaluation of results through future assessment activities, and (6) development and implementation of new mitigation strategies as needed. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION PaDEP’s assessment and listing methodology constitutes the ‘decision rules’ that the Department uses when assessing the quality of waters and identifying water bodies that do not meet designated and existing uses. The primary ‘uses’ for water bodies include aquatic life use, human health use and recreational use. Problems associated with impacts to aquatic life use are identified primarily through stream biological community assessments. The Department identifies impacts to human health using fish tissue analyses and evaluations of raw (intake) water monitored by water purveyors. Recreational use impairments are identified using bacteriological data. 53
All water body use attainment information is organized by State Water Plan Subbasin, PaDEP five-digit stream code, and a segment identifier which identifies multiple unique stream segments within each five-digit stream code (see Figure 1). PaDEP’s five-digit stream code system is based on surface waters that appear on United States Geological Survey, 1:24,000-scale, 7.5-Minute Quadrangle Maps. Streams are segmented at the confluence of tributaries, and each segment is identified by the PaDEP five-digit stream code and upstream and downstream river miles (distance above the mouth of the stream). Figure 1: Mapping protocol for organizing stream assessment data 54
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
Page 11 and 12: managers need support in understand
Page 13 and 14: During the past 20 years, it became
Page 15 and 16: infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
Page 17 and 18: DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
Page 19 and 20: Using the results of the unsupervis
Page 21 and 22: Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
Page 23 and 24: WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
Page 25 and 26: Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
Page 27 and 28: • It should be possible to apply
Page 29 and 30: Scottish Executive against 18 measu
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
Page 33 and 34: ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
Page 35 and 36: management practices’ (BMPs) toge
Page 37 and 38: It is envisaged that these data wil
Page 39 and 40: testing (including climate change)
Page 41 and 42: Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
Page 73 and 74: established pond/wetland for nutrie
Page 75 and 76: Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
Page 77 and 78: Comparable SS removals have been re
Page 79 and 80: Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
Page 81 and 82: In general, the combinations of mea
Page 83 and 84: final word on the POMs selection an
Page 85 and 86: CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
Page 87 and 88: Table 1: A summary of the measures
Page 89 and 90: Table 3: A summary of the represent
Page 91 and 92: cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
Page 93 and 94: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
Page 95 and 96: spread cattle slurry in the autumn
Page 97 and 98: £25,000. The investment in trailin
Page 99 and 100: Studies on a drained clay soil at B
Page 101 and 102: REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
Page 103 and 104: (Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
Page 105 and 106: Application Representative farm sys
Page 107 and 108: Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
Page 111 and 112: In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
show all

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