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Regional TV and local radio can be used to highlight local issues that interest or affect farmers. The Farm Adviser The value of the adviser in face-to-face communication has been noted in a number of studies of information provision in agriculture (Jones et al., 1987; Cox et al., 1990; Fearne 1990; Angell et al., 1997). Farm visits and face-to-face advice was the preferred method of advice delivery stressed by farmers in farmer panels and agency interviewees, in an appraisal of conservation advice undertaken for English Nature (Winter et al., 2000). Farmers emphasise the need for a trusted individual to act as a mentor or interpreter and, for the most part, farmers put greatest value on information that has been interpreted and given in a specific form. Thus, Winter et al. (2000) found that farmers prefer face-to-face contact with someone who has interpreted the information within the context of their own business, reflecting the farmer’s lack of time, the increasingly technical and legislative nature of the required information and the perceived need for location specific advice. Where organisations only provide written material, they recognise that its value is greatest if it is read by professionals who then go on to provide advice to farmers (Angell et al., 1997). The success of agri-environment schemes, such as ESAs and CSS, has been shown to be critically dependent on the work of project officers or other advisers promoting the scheme (Cooper, 1999). The crucial role of advisers/consultants in supporting farmers in their use of complex nutrient management systems was also noted in a study of European Input-Output accounting systems (Goodlass et al., 2003). Morris et al. (2000), examining the uptake of arable options in the CSS, also found that face-to-face interaction with advisors on the farm was an important channel of communication. The research showed that, although the mass media appeared to have been the chief vehicle through which farmers became aware of the CSS, personal communication with advisors played a significant role in persuading farmers to take up the schemes that they had heard of through the farming press. In the context of environmental pollution, the FACTS scheme of adviser registration and continuing professional development (CPD) has an important role to play in ensuring that advisers are up to date and well informed about the risks associated with poor fertiliser and manure management practices. Voluntary Versus Compulsory Measures Best practice measures may be voluntary, as for example in the Codes of Good Agricultural Practice. The adoption of such measures is likely to depend on how easy they are for the farmer to implement. Financial penalties are a significant disincentive to uptake whilst marketing advantages of compliance such as in some Quality Assurance schemes increase uptake (Goodlass et al., 2003). Overall the methods used to encourage uptake of best practice are often a combination of the ‘carrot and stick’ approach, where the ‘carrot’ usually takes the form of government support, and the ‘stick’ is regulation and non-compliance penalties. In the absence of the legislative ‘stick’, a Danish study on what influences farmers to change their practices suggests that a combination of farmer study groups with associated one-to-one advice is very effective (Halberg et al., 2005). However, this is expensive in terms of advisory input time and only reaches a small number of 181
farmers. In England, recent policy within Defra has been to use the ‘train the trainers’ approach where workshops are used to train advisers and influencers who then pass the message on to their clients. Such workshops invariably provide FACTS cpd points for the advisers who attend. This approach has been used successfully in several recent campaigns such as raising awareness of organic manure management, promoting the latest fertiliser recommendations and explaining the English Action Programme for NVZ legislation. Where measures impact badly on farm profitability there are clearly implications for financial sustainability. In England, the recent implementation of the stewardship schemes as part of the England Rural Development Programme (ERDP) provides farmers with an opportunity to receive payment for following best practice measures. Those most relevant to pollution from nutrients in the Entry Level Scheme are nutrient, manure and soil management plans. Advice on each of these topics is currently being made available in regionally organised workshops under the Environment Sensitive Farming campaign (Carter, 2006). RESULTS Information Sources Several surveys have been carried out in recent years on farmers preferred source of information and advice. The British Survey of Fertiliser Practice (BSFP) (Goodlass et al., 2002) found that 74% of farmers used their own judgement, based on their knowledge and experience of their own farm when making decisions about fertiliser application rates. Information from advisers and consultants was the next most common method (41%). A survey of farmers in NVZs (Scott et al., 2003) also found that the farmers own past experience was regarded as the most important basis for fertiliser decisions, but the use of agronomic consultancy and farm waste management plans had increased when compared with the start of designation. Agronomic consultancy, in particular, was the source most frequently described as most useful in 2003 (in a 1996 survey, ‘past experience’ was chosen by more farmers). In a 2004 survey, Chambers (2004) reported that RB209, MANNER and farmer meetings/conferences were the most commonly used sources of information and advice. Farmer workshops and on-farm demonstrations were also highly rated. Arable farmers (76%) made far more use of RB209 than grassland farmers (24%). Farmers, and in particular arable farmers (56%), made frequent use of independent consultants. Consultants used a wide range of information sources, including trade representatives. The farming press, although frequently used, was not well regarded as a source of credible technical information by either farmers or consultants. They rated one-to-one advice as the most effective means of communicating nutrient management information. Workshops/courses, local farming events/conferences and booklets/leaflets were all highly regarded communication vehicles. Around 80% of arable farmers and 70% of grassland farmers had made use of IT systems – although the survey database was skewed towards software users. IT systems were highly regarded, with c. 80% of arable farmers and consultants, and c. 75% of grassland farmers regarding them as either effective or very effective. 182
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
Page 139 and 140: Environmental Monitoring The primar
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Page 145 and 146: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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Page 149 and 150: improved further as a result of att
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Page 153 and 154: MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
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Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164: anthropogenic activities are pollut
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Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
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Page 189: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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Page 195 and 196: A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202: REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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