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Drainage Infrastructure Containment Behaviour Change Figure 2: Different pollution control approaches for diffuse sources of pollution, in relation to volume and toxicity (D’Arcy, 2005) Modifications to the SSAFO (Scotland) regulations are currently being considered by the Scottish Executive. The aim of these changes will be to permit more sustainable management of wider environmental issues and more cost-effective pollution prevention. In-field measures Land use decisions, which may change on an annual basis for any given farm, can drastically alter the diffuse pollution potential of a given area (see D’Arcy and Frost, 2001). As such, this is perhaps the most difficult area to control by specific regulations. It is hoped that the cross-compliance elements of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Community such as GAEC (Good Agricultural & Environmental Condition), and perhaps land management contracts, will go a long way to delivering better environmental farming practice. It may be possible to include GBR measures that require conservation tillage techniques for example in nutrient sensitive catchments, or prohibit autumn sowing in erosion prone soils in nutrient sensitive catchments. Some in-field hotspots can result in pollution where drainage enters a watercourse at a particular location; this is considered in the next section. Riparian measures Buffer zones for arable land and for livestock densities in excess of a threshold could be specified in a national GBR, but would probably have to be so small as to be in need of significant extension on a site-specific basis in particular problem catchments or designated areas. The measures are already widespread in forestry planting, and in agriculture a buffer zone at least 2 m wide measured from the stream bank top is required under GAEC. Design criteria for effectiveness in relation to different issues need to be established. A farm licence would allow for site specific measures, and the use of maps appended to the licence showing the lay-out of steep or erosion prone slopes that would not be 197
ploughed, of rivers and streams that would be fenced to exclude livestock, etc. Where livestock are regularly standing in numbers in a watercourse, perhaps sheltering where a stream crosses the bottom corner of a field, the impact on water quality can be severe; a diffuse pollution hotspot. Under the regulations in CAR 2005, a notice can be served requiring the farmer to carry out measures such as stream fencing and protection from contaminated field run-off. Similarly pollution can be prevented from a poorly sited hay-feeder for livestock in a field, to require its relocation to a position where puddled ground around it will not result in contaminated drainage entering a watercourse. Use of such provisions to control diffuse pollution hotspots in arable land might be more difficult to achieve successfully, and it may be better to seek control by in-field measures specified in a GBR, backed by catchment initiatives and GAEC measures? Planning and other management techniques Nutrient budgets, farm manure and slurry management planning are all recognised good practice. In NVZs, nutrient budgets and farm waste management plans are already statutory requirements. Such commonsense approaches to use of resources and avoidance of unnecessary expense, as recommended in the PEPFAA code, should be more widespread. There are often significant savings to be made for the farmers, alongside the environmental opportunities. The smaller the farm units, the simpler the estimations required. These measures are obvious candidates for the national statutory measures to meet WFD requirements for controlling diffuse pollution. Even-handedness Across Rural Sectors It is important that an even-handed approach is taken, and seen to be taken, in regulating pollution risks. That has been achieved in CAR for the regulation of surface water discharges from the built environment, which includes steadings, forestry offices and depots, golf courses and everything else that involves buildings, yards, roads roof areas, etc. Surface water discharges are authorised by GBRs 10 and 11, as noted above and that applies across all sectors in Scotland. Under the infield measures discussed above, a simple GBR approach for farming was also outlined, and reference made to the recent consultation by the Scottish Executive. A simple GBR approach for forestry would be easy to devise, in direct consultation with forestry interests and at-risk environmental sectors such as fisheries and nature conservation interests. Scotland is soon to be a net exporter of timber, with potential risks to the trophic status of oligotrophic waters, as well as the spawning grounds of migratory fish. Cost Recovery Challenges: GBRs, Registrations or Licences? A subsistence charge could be attached to registrations, and certainly to licences, to enable SEPA to recover the cost of regulation. For non-registered GBRs, what are those costs likely to be? Direct funding for SEPA by central government for activity to manage diffuse pollution is likely to continue to be essential. In Canada, on the spot fines can be imposed by regulators for minor water pollution offences; 198
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International Water Association AGR
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2006 Conference Organising Committe
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Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
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Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
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viii
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managers need support in understand
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During the past 20 years, it became
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infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
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DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
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Using the results of the unsupervis
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Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
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WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENT
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Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
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• It should be possible to apply
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Scottish Executive against 18 measu
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REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
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ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
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management practices’ (BMPs) toge
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It is envisaged that these data wil
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testing (including climate change)
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Council of the European Communities
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DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
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Table 1: Overview of the measures c
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Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
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Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
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REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
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Although the TMDL programme origina
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grassland and heather moorland, sup
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Given that the release of P from th
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to the underlying causes, and thus
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All water body use attainment infor
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indicate the possible presence of p
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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
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BMP is being implemented and the ap
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THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
Page 155 and 156: turbulent air mixing. The effect th
Page 157 and 158: Although nitrate leaching can be re
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Page 161 and 162: Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
Page 163 and 164: anthropogenic activities are pollut
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Page 167 and 168: (USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
Page 169 and 170: • Sampling equipment •Laborator
Page 171 and 172: Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
Page 173 and 174: Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
Page 175 and 176: policy literature, although this is
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
Page 179 and 180: • tailoring activities to local c
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
Page 183 and 184: THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
Page 185 and 186: equires the Minister to designate a
Page 187 and 188: protection and restoration, sustain
Page 189 and 190: expensive. One-to-one contact becom
Page 191 and 192: farmers. In England, recent policy
Page 193 and 194: practices but, hopefully, the chang
Page 195 and 196: A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
Page 197 and 198: The approaches taken by Brittany to
Page 199 and 200: MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
Page 201 and 202: REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
Page 203 and 204: There are also measures that contro
Page 205: widely recognised as needing much a
Page 209 and 210: is the only mechanism identified fo
Page 211 and 212: PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
Page 213 and 214: structure and minimum level of main
Page 215 and 216: REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
Page 217 and 218: LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
Page 219 and 220: MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
Page 221 and 222: Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
Page 223 and 224: Risk of illness percentages were ca
Page 225 and 226: Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
Page 227 and 228: DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
Page 229 and 230: Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Regression functions and c
Page 233 and 234: OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
Page 235 and 236: to land managers and agency staff t
Page 237 and 238: stakeholders, together with their i
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
Page 241 and 242: A third scenario was applied to Clu
Page 243 and 244: Based on a detailed distribution of
Page 245 and 246: could be misleading. The results of
Page 247 and 248: TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
Page 249 and 250: AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
Page 251 and 252: and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
Page 253 and 254: FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
Page 255 and 256: techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
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treatments, typically 10 storm even
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Tramline Effects In both years, obs
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Notes 278
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