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MATCHING WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE CONTROLS WITH DIFFUSE POLLUTION CHALLENGES IN SCOTLAND RC Morris 1 , J MacDonald 1 , SM Greig 2 and C Preston 1 1 Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Corporate Office, Erskine Court, The Castle Business Park, Stirling, FK9 4TR, UK, E-mail: rob.morris@sepa.org.uk; 2 Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Edinburgh Office, Clearwater House, Heriot Watt Research Park, Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK SUMMARY The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires regulatory controls be established to prevent or control the input of pollutants to surface or groundwater. For the first time this provides potential for a regulatory approach to mitigating diffuse pollution in Scotland, currently the most significant chemical pressure on Scotland’s water quality. A regulatory approach on its own will not achieve the required water quality targets; rather, a combination of measures is required including education, economic incentives and regulation. Key to the proposed approach and integral to the WFD is the concept of control measures being proportionate to risk. This paper focuses on how best to match emerging WFD controls with diffuse pollution pressures on the water environment in Scotland. To do so requires an understanding of how and where diffuse pollution occurs as well as an understanding of the pollutant loading, associated short- and long-term impacts and the effectiveness of remedial measures. INTRODUCTION The nature of diffuse pollution has important implications for its control. Diffuse pollution typically arises from a multitude of small sources, such as poaching of river banks by livestock or run-off from forestry tracks, that are individually insignificant in terms of environmental impact but at a catchment scale can have a detrimental effect. The transport of diffuse pollutants is also important. Pollutants often travel overland, mainly driven by rainfall events before reaching surface waters. For groundwater, pollutants are transported through the soil column (Scottish Executive, 2005). For the control of diffuse pollution these characteristics mean practical measures need to focus on land and run-off management practices rather than traditional ‘endof-pipe’ regulation. It is the activities which cause diffuse pollution rather than the individual pollutant losses which must be addressed in order to see an improvement in water quality. The impacts of diffuse pollution are related to certain geographic, climatic and geological conditions and may differ greatly from place to place, resulting in the need for a targeted approach to pollution mitigation. The nature of diffuse pollution also means that environmental impacts and the success of control measures to address those impacts are measured on a catchment scale. This provides opportunities for community ownership of the problems and their solutions. A regulatory approach on its own will not achieve the required water quality targets and a combination of measures is required including education, economic incentives and regulation. 13
WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION IN SCOTLAND The WFD is being progressively implemented in Scotland. In an annual report to the Scottish Parliament (Scottish Executive, 2003), the Scottish Executive set out the progress on implementing the Water Environment and Water Service (Scotland) Act 2003 (WEWS Act). At this time, a National Stakeholder Forum was established to inform implementation, a single River Basin District for Scotland was designated with a separate cross-border area for the Solway-Tweed and the process for developing regulatory regimes was described. Point source, engineering and building works, water abstraction and impoundment controls are now all in force under the Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005 (CAR). These came into force on 1 April 2006. In December 2005, the Scottish Executive published a consultation on proposals for a strategy to address diffuse water pollution from rural land use. A considerable amount of detailed work will be required in 2006-2007 to develop the shape of a diffuse pollution control regime. A package of measures is envisaged, both regulatory and supportive, using voluntary programmes and farm support payments whilst at the same time proposing that ‘national’ and ‘targeted’ GBRs be developed. SEPA strongly supports the phasing in of ‘national’ GBRs in 2007 and of ‘targeted’ GBRs in 2008. It will be important to align the conditions for the receipt of farm support to WFD objectives and not to lose, or dilute, any of the existing requirements under ‘Good Farming Practice’ for payments made under Rural Development Regulation (RDR) Schemes. D’Arcy et al.. (2006) outlines how this legislation will work in practice and what regulatory options there are for the management of diffuse pollution, in particular. In 2004, SEPA carried out the most detailed characterisation assessment of pressures and impacts on the water environment ever undertaken for both the Scotland and Solway-Tweed River Basin Districts (SEPA, 2005a). Diffuse pollution places up to 45% of the water bodies in Scotland at risk of not meeting the WFD’s environmental objectives. Agriculture was clearly shown to be the major pressure although not invariably the most severe. The results will be used to prioritise both environmental monitoring and those water bodies where management action is required. Further characterisation to refine the risk assessments is ongoing and will be published by SEPA in the Significant Water Management Issues Report, as required by WFD, in mid-2007. SEPA recently published its River Basin Management Planning Strategy (SEPA 2005b) which describes how SEPA plans to produce Scotland’s first and subsequent RBMPs. The first River Basin Management Plan will be published in 2009. This will establish the programme of measures to meet the objectives of WFD such that this programme is fully operational by 2012. The deadline for achieving environment objectives, including those for diffuse pollution, is 2015. NATURE OF THE PROBLEM – CHARACTERISATION OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION The characterisation results (SEPA, 2005a) clearly showed that diffuse pollution, from a range of sources, is a significant pressure on Scotland’s water resources. A total of 488 (24.3%) river, 57 (18.4%) loch, 18 (45%) transitional, 59 (13.1%) coastal and 21 (19.8%) groundwater bodies are at risk of not achieving the WFD’s environmental 14
Page 1 and 2: International Water Association AGR
Page 3 and 4: 2006 Conference Organising Committe
Page 5 and 6: Theme 2: Cost-effectiveness of Best
Page 7 and 8: Poster Presentations The Farm Soils
Page 9 and 10: viii
Page 11 and 12: managers need support in understand
Page 13 and 14: During the past 20 years, it became
Page 15 and 16: infiltration); and (4) capture, sto
Page 17 and 18: DOMINATING PARAMETERS OF IMPAIRMENT
Page 19 and 20: Using the results of the unsupervis
Page 21: Kohonen T (2001). Self-Organizing M
Page 25 and 26: Table 1: Modelled total annual loss
Page 27 and 28: • It should be possible to apply
Page 29 and 30: Scottish Executive against 18 measu
Page 31 and 32: REFERENCES Anthony S, Betson M, Lor
Page 33 and 34: ased on the ‘drainage basin’ in
Page 35 and 36: management practices’ (BMPs) toge
Page 37 and 38: It is envisaged that these data wil
Page 39 and 40: testing (including climate change)
Page 41 and 42: Council of the European Communities
Page 43 and 44: DECREASING THE NITROGEN SOIL SURFAC
Page 45 and 46: Table 1: Overview of the measures c
Page 47 and 48: Table 2: Costs (C), effects (E) and
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2: Combination of ‘best av
Page 51 and 52: MATERIALS AND METHODS At the 5-km 2
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCES Jordan P, Menary W, Daly
Page 55 and 56: Although the TMDL programme origina
Page 57 and 58: grassland and heather moorland, sup
Page 59 and 60: Given that the release of P from th
Page 61 and 62: to the underlying causes, and thus
Page 63 and 64: All water body use attainment infor
Page 65 and 66: indicate the possible presence of p
Page 67 and 68: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF M
Page 69 and 70: BMP is being implemented and the ap
Page 71 and 72: THE USE OF PONDS TO REDUCE POLLUTIO
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established pond/wetland for nutrie
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Table 1: Hydraulic load, mean water
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Comparable SS removals have been re
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Reddy GB, Hunt PG, Phillips R, Ston
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In general, the combinations of mea
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final word on the POMs selection an
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CONCLUSIONS The ERBD project team i
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Table 1: A summary of the measures
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Table 3: A summary of the represent
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cost (£'000/farm) or reduction in
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF MINIMISING
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spread cattle slurry in the autumn
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£25,000. The investment in trailin
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Studies on a drained clay soil at B
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REFERENCES Anon (2000). Fertiliser
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(Haygarth and Jarvis, 1999). The vo
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Application Representative farm sys
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Table 2: Modelled cost-curve for th
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ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFU
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In the absence of data on the sourc
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Magnitude of Impacts The magnitude
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D. Use relative area of farm and wh
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ADAS has developed a matrix for Def
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Dickson JW, Edwards T, Jeffrey WA,
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60% phosphorus and 50% nitrogen of
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Landscape St
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was contributed to the low vegetati
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iological uptake in a grassed area.
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Tim US, Jolly R and Liao HH (1995).
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to control SS and P loads from agri
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Total P inputs in fertilisers and m
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Within the Teme catchment, largest
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A RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ST
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Environmental Monitoring The primar
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BMP measure 1 (exclusion of stock f
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(a) With reference to the increase
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SAC acknowledges f
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The Environment Sensitive Farming (
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improved further as a result of att
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to do more to reduce pesticide impa
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MANAGING DIFFUSE POLLUTION FROM A F
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turbulent air mixing. The effect th
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Although nitrate leaching can be re
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infiltration of water sheeting off
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Nisbet TR, Orr H and Broadmeadow S
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anthropogenic activities are pollut
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monitoring is determined up front b
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(USEPA). Nevertheless, by applying
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• Sampling equipment •Laborator
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Reinert RE, Knuth BA, Kamrin MA and
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Tier 3 - Tier 3 of LMCs is planned
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policy literature, although this is
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Figure 1: Individual-collective spe
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• tailoring activities to local c
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the
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THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE POLLUTION FRO
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equires the Minister to designate a
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protection and restoration, sustain
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expensive. One-to-one contact becom
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farmers. In England, recent policy
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practices but, hopefully, the chang
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A CASE STUDY: ADOPTION OF BEST MANA
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The approaches taken by Brittany to
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MANURE TREATMENT By January 2005, t
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REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR THE MANAGEME
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There are also measures that contro
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widely recognised as needing much a
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ploughed, of rivers and streams tha
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is the only mechanism identified fo
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PHOSPHORUS STORAGE IN FINE CHANNEL
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structure and minimum level of main
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REFERENCES May L, Place C, O’Hea
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LOUND CATCHMENT PROJECT: WORKING WI
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MINIMISING THE PRESSURES AND IMPACT
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Predicting Bathing Water Quality Vi
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Risk of illness percentages were ca
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Table 4: Expected lifetime benefits
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DETERMINATION OF THE VETERINARY ANT
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Thin Layer Chromatography The sampl
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Table 2: Regression functions and c
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR U
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to land managers and agency staff t
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stakeholders, together with their i
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REFERENCES EC (2000). Directive 200
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A third scenario was applied to Clu
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Based on a detailed distribution of
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could be misleading. The results of
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TACKLING DIFFUSE NITRATE POLLUTION:
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AMMONIA VOLATILISATION FROM CATTLE
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and 27% of the soil surface at 80 m
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FIELD TESTING OF MITIGATION OPTIONS
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techniques can significantly reduce
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NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATE
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MATERIALS AND METHODS At two UK sit
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding of this wo
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y standard methods and fresh, end o
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comparable to those in water draini
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Results may be influential in deter
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• numbers and distribution of liv
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Using this method of classification
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Table 5: Results of land use scenar
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CONCLUSIONS As a decision support t
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types. This paper reports results f
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N Losses in Drainage Water Mean nit
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SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON
Page 283 and 284:
treatments, typically 10 storm even
Page 285 and 286:
Tramline Effects In both years, obs
Page 287 and 288:
Notes 278
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