2120 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSnot invest in enriched cages or alternative systems, but will choose to retire or leave the sectorinstead.A1.4.2.1. Main packersMunakunta is the dominant packer in Finland and is a producer co-operative. This position in themarket was consolidated in 2001 with the purchase of A-Muna Oy, a large private packer previouslyowned by a multiple retailer. Munakunta accounts for just over half (55% in 2003) of all eggs packed.Box A1.11: Profile of MunakuntaMunakunta is the largest egg packer in Finland accounting for more than half of all eggs packedOwnership: Munakunta is a producer co-operativeSubsidiary: Munakunta owns 65% of ScaneggTurnover: €46.9 million in 2003 (this figure is for the Group as a whole and includes Munakunta’sshare of Scanegg). Turnover for the shell egg business was €41.2 million in 2003Profit: €1 millionEmployment: 79 staff (Munakunta Grouop, but not including Scanegg)Main markets: in volume terms, domestic 71%, shell egg exports 14%, 15% for processing,mainly domesticA1.4.2.2. Production (packer) concentrationThe nature of egg production in Finland is fragmented with, according to the key players spoken to,too many producers and too many packers leading to excessive competition. The contract system isnot as developed as it could be resulting in some marketing problems. Prior to joining the EU theFinnish government took responsibility for exporting the often significant surplus (with exportsubsidy). On accession this assistance was phased out and the resulting domestic surplus caused asevere downward price adjustment. A lot of egg producers were forced out of business at this time,although the government was able to provide support for restructuring under temporary accessionagreements.The packing sector of the industry is dominated by Munakunta and there is a big difference in scaleseparating this company from the rest of the industry. Table A1.21 presents the main egg packers inFinland.Table A1.21: Main egg packers in FinlandRank Company Output 20031 Munakunta 32.7 million kg, 523.0 million eggs2-6 Munakuutoset (5 packers who compete domestically,11.7 million kg, 187.2 million eggsbut co-operate in export markets)7 Narpes egg packery 2.0 million kg, 32.0 million eggs (estimates)8 Ōsterbotten egg centrallag 1.8 million kg, 28.8 million eggsTotal production59 million kg, 944 million eggs148
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSBased on the above, the 4-firm concentration ratio for Finland in 2003 was 67.3% 66 and the 8-firmconcentration ratio 81.7%. The packing industry is now less concentrated than it was prior toaccession when the Narpes egg packery did not exist, neither did two companies packing between1.5 and 1.8 million kg, nor one packing just under 1.0 million kg. A range of smaller packingcompanies were also founded after accession. Producers therefore now have a greater range ofpacking stations to send eggs to.A1.4.2.3. Main production systemsThe dominant system in Finland is the traditional cage (accounting for 86% of laying hens). The mainalternative system in use is deep litter which accounts for just over 10% of laying hens. A further 4%of laying hens are kept in organic systems 67 . There are just six producers using enriched cages, thelargest of which has just under 10,000 laying hens. Some producers have invested in what are knownas ‘enrichable’ cages. These are currently operated as a traditional cages, but the removal ofpartitions and addition of cage furniture will make the cage comply with Directive 1999/74/EC.Whilst production costs are said to be higher than production using traditional cages, they are not ashigh as expected using fully enriched cages and it is felt by some players in the industry that manyproducers will implement the Directive over time in this manner.All systems in use in Finland follow the EU legislation with no national modifications. Although not asystem issue, beak-trimming is not permitted in Finland.Figure A1.16 shows the evolution of laying hens kept by system from 1994 to 2002. Data are fromthe Agricultural Situation in the Community. Data on alternative systems is only available from 1996and data for caged production in 2002 is not yet available from this source. The Figure shows thatwhilst production in deep litter systems is increasing, it is fairly insignificant in comparison toproduction from traditional cages. The steep decline in laying hen numbers between 1996 and 1997reflects accession to the EU.66 Under the assumption that production from Munakuutoset is evenly split between the 5 companies.67 Organic production cannot be caged and thus these hens are in deep litter systems with a reduced stocking density of 5 rather than 9birds per m 2 , outdoor access and a limit of 3,000 birds per barn.149
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