2120 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENS250.00Weighted average total cost per kg eggs (Euro cents)200.00150.00100.0050.00-Traditional cage Barn Free range Organic All systemsVariable costsFixed costsFigure 2.32: Weighted average total costs per kg eggs for all Member States and allsystems (2003)2.5. Producer gross margins2.5.1. Calculating gross marginsThe calculations used in the construction of gross margin are reviewed below (as for variable andfixed costs, these data were subsequently converted into kg terms at 16 eggs per kg):Egg revenue: this was variously presented in the data obtained as revenue per dozen, perkilogram of egg or per egg. Where data was in weight terms this was adjusted to per egg termsusing national egg weights from the International Egg Commission. Estimating revenue from eggsales is not as straightforward as it might sound. In some cases the figures provided werecorrected using data derived from the source to account for the different prices achieved by firstand second quality eggs. In others this calculation was not performed because of the variabilityof prices between producers in a Member State resulting from different quality bonuses and thevariation in the proportion of second quality eggs.Spent hen revenue: whether positive or negative this figure was divided by the number of eggsproduced over the laying cycle and multiplied by 16.Total output: the sum of the above. Total variable cost: this is the sum of the variable costs outlined in Section 2.4.Gross margin: total output less total variable cost.46
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSIt was not felt meaningful to provide a net margin figure (although this can be calculated simply byremoving total fixed costs from gross margin) mainly because of the difference between the periodover which buildings and equipment are depreciated and the useful life of these investments.Total output showing the proportion covering variable costs and that providing gross margin for thevarious systems for all Member States are presented in Figure 2.33 to Figure 2.37 below. All figuresare Agra CEAS Consulting calculations based on industry estimates. Note that data on barnproduction in Sweden was not made available to the consultants, the absence of data for all otherMember States signifies that the system is not in operation. Figure 2.38 to Figure 2.42 present thegross margin data separately to facilitate comparison between Member States.Key points include the following in relation to each system.Traditional cage system:the highest gross margins are obtained in Portugal, Spain, Germany and the UK, while the lowestare obtained in France, Finland and Italy;there is little apparent relationship between total variable cost and gross margin in that Portugal,with the second lowest variable costs has the highest gross margin and Belgium has the lowestvariable cost, yet one of the smallest gross margins.Enriched cage system:as mentioned above, enriched cage costs and hence gross margin should be treated with caution;the highest margin is obtained in Sweden as a result of the higher relative output, variable costsbeing broadly equivalent.Alternative systems:the highest gross margins are available in Denmark and Greece for barn systems and in Irelandand the UK for free range systems. This is likely to result from the consumer willingness to payfor eggs from alternative systems as, if anything, variable costs in these countries are generallyhigher than the EU-15 weighted average;similarly, Denmark and the UK show high gross margins for the organic system, most likely forthe same reason, although in this case variable costs in the UK are also marginally below the EU-15 weighted average.47
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