2120 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSTable A1.29: Performance comparison of egg production systems in use in France(2002)Traditional cage Barn Free range OrganicLaying cycle (days) 352 327 332 338Empty period (days) 19 26 26 25Feed/bird/year (Kg) 37.58 39.81 39.35 41.63Feed/bird/day (g) 109 118 116 122Eggs/bird/year (collected) 282 261 262 254Kg feed per kg eggs 2.13 2.44 2.40 2.62Mortality (%) 4.9% 11.6% 14.0% 13.9%Number of hens managed/labourer 30,000 8,000 8,000 4,500Hens housed per m2 house 73 7 7 7Space allowance per hen per cm2 550 1,429 1,429 1,429Pullet cost 3.10 3.20 3.20 3.80End of lay hen weight Kg 1.96 1.91 1.82 1.90End of lay hen price (€/bird) 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.67Notes: some data have been converted from laying cycle to year to correct for thediffering lengths of laying cycle by system.Mortality can vary significantly from year to year.This is the cost of buying in a pullet, not the cost of rearing. It therefore includes a profit element for the rearer.Source: ITAVI and Agra CEAS Consulting calculations.A1.5.2.5. Production costsVariable production costs in France are presented in Table A1.30 and Table A1.31 presents fixedcosts. As anticipated from the technical requirement for additional feed in alternative systems, thecost of feed per dozen eggs is also higher. Bird depreciation is also higher following higher pulletcosts and lower egg production. Total variable costs are therefore higher in alternative systemscompared to traditional cage systems. Amongst alternative systems costed free-range productionoffers the lowest variable cost. No estimates exist for enriched cage costs.The fixed costs associated with alternative production are significantly higher than traditional cageproduction, notably the substantially higher cost of feed, labour and buildings for organic productionmakes the total cost more than three times as expensive as traditional cages.Table A1.30: Variable (running) costs of production (€ cents per kg eggs) 2003Traditional cage Barn Free range OrganicFeed cost 39.51 45.38 48.31 103.52Medication/vet 0.64 1.28 1.60 2.56Miscellaneous 3.68 3.47 3.36 3.36Bird depreciation 17.32 19.04 19.89 24.06Total variable costs 61.15 69.16 73.16 133.50Source: ITAVI.170
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSTable A1.31: Capital (fixed) costs (€ cents per kg eggs) 2003Traditional cage Barn Free range OrganicLabour 5.12 15.89 21.27 38.39Buildings 9.33 5.88 4.16 5.64Equipment 5.76 7.46 8.32 11.29Land 0.74 0.77Manure disposal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Insurance 4.54 3.68 4.88 5.04Utilities 1.14 1.11 1.10 1.13Cleaning 0.80 1.20 1.59 2.58Miscellaneous 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40Total fixed costs 29.08 37.62 44.45 67.24Note:Source: ITAVI.A1.5.2.6. Gross marginsTable A1.32 builds on the cost data in Section A1.5.2.5 and presents revenue figures and producergross margin. Alternative production systems have higher returns resulting from available premia.This is offset to varying degrees by higher variable costs, but still results in substantially higher grossmargins for barn and free range producers than are available under the traditional caged system.Table A1.32: Egg producer gross margin (€ cents per kg) 2003Traditional cage Barn Free range OrganicEgg returns 67.34 89.79 101.01 134.69Revenue from spent hens 1.86 1.68 1.59 4.21Output (per year) 69.20 91.47 102.60 138.90Total variable costs 61.15 69.16 73.16 133.50Gross margin 8.05 22.31 29.44 5.40Source: ITAVI.In fact, if we consider the producer prices for 2003 and the costs for 2002, the end-of-year resultswould be positive for all systems, except for organic production. However, we must take intoaccount that in 2003 there was an increase in the usable surface per hen (to 550 cm 2 ), leading to anincrease in the average production costs in the conventional system.171
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