2120 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSmight achieve. As producers invest in more modern facilities there is likely to be an improvement incertain technical factors (such as the number of birds that can be managed by one labourer, feedconversion ratios, etc.).Each technical factor is considered below:Laying cycle (days): this is the period over which the bird is laying eggs.Empty period (days): the period between flocks during which time the house is thoroughlycleaned.Feed/bird/day (grams): the feed requirement per bird per day.Feed/bird/year (Kg): this is calculated as the feed per bird per day multiplied by the layingcycle and then divided by the sum of the laying cycle and the empty period. This is thenmultiplied by 365 to present the information in terms of feed per bird per year. This calculationtakes account of the fact that a laying house is empty for a proportion of time in any calendaryear and when there are no birds there is no feed requirement.Eggs/bird/year: this is calculated as the number of eggs collected per bird per laying cycledivided by the sum of the laying cycle and the empty period, multiplied by 365 to annualise thedata. The base data for this is generally corrected for mortality in that producers usually dividethe total number of eggs produced in a house by the birds put in at the beginning.Kg feed per kg eggs: this is the feed per bird per year divided by the eggs collected per birdper year multiplied by 16 on the basis that a typical egg weight is 62.5 grams 9 . This figure inannual terms is the same as that in laying cycle terms.Mortality (%): the percentage mortality over the complete laying cycle. It is not possible topresent this figure in annual terms without knowing the distribution of mortality across the layingcycle.Number of hens managed per labourer: there will be a great deal of variation in this figuredepending on the degree of automation possible. The figures provided are ‘typical’ of thecommercial laying sector in each Member State. In some cases laying houses tend to be smalland looking after them would not be a full-time job.Space allowance per hen per cm 2 : the available space per hen. This follows the EU stockingdensity requirements with some exceptions where national legislation has tighter requirements(for example, Sweden) or where national derogations with respect to the requirement ofDirective 1999/74/EC are currently in place (for example, in the UK where barn and free rangesystems may maintain stocking densities for facilities in production prior to August 1999 at 11.7birds per square metre until 2012) 10 .Hens housed per m 2 house: this figure takes account of the use of tiers by presenting howmany hens are housed per square metre of floor space. It is the number of hens per metre(calculated from the space allowance in cm 2 ) multiplied by the number of tiers of cages.9 It should be noted that the source data were collected in per dozen egg terms and that as national egg weights do differ by Member Stateexpressing feed conversion in terms of egg weight may conceal these differences. The average weight of 62.5 grams per egg used for thiscalculation was specified by DG SANCO.10 The Directive specifies that stocking density must be not more than 9 birds per square metre from 2007.20
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSPullet cost (€): this is the cost of a pullet. Where it is common to rear birds rather than buythem in at point of lay this figure includes a profit element for the rearing enterprise. This figureis not annualised.End of lay hen weight (Kg): this figure is liveweight unless indicated.End of lay hen price (€): this is the revenue generated by spent hens net of any associatedcosts. In many cases disposal of spent hens is a cost and where this is the case the figure isnegative. This figure is not annualised.2.3.2. Member State dataTable 2.2 presents technical factors for traditional cage production for each Member State and theEU weighted average. As will be evident the data presented shows considerable variation betweenMember States which largely reflects the range of structural conditions as well as the particularitiesof the historical evolution of the sector in each of the Member States. Thus some Member Statestypically have large units (notably Belgium, Italy, Netherlands and the UK) whereas others (notablyAustria, Denmark, Finland and Greece) tend to operate with smaller production units. The valuespresented represent the average of the views of those members of the industry spoken to andshould be taken as ‘typical’ of efficient/competitive producers rather than absolute. In some casesthere was a great deal of variation and a range would be a more representative, although lesscomparable, way of presenting this data 11 .Key points to note are as follows:feed per bird per day varies from 109 grams in France to 120 in Ireland and Portugal;average eggs collected annually (after mortality) range from 261 in Portugal to 293 in theNetherlands;feed conversion ratios in the more efficient sectors are 2.10 kg feed per kg eggs (theNetherlands) and 2.13 kg feed per kg eggs (France and Denmark) compared to 2.59 kg feed perkg eggs in Portugal and 2.41 kg feed per kg eggs in Austria and Ireland;mortality is as low as 4.0% in Ireland and Portugal, but reaches 7.5% in Spain and 7.0% in Italy;larger scale sectors such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and the UK have a typical bird tolabourer ratio of 50,000, whereas Ireland has a ratio of just 10,000 and Denmark just over12,000; and,the end of lay hen price is positive in some Member States, but in some is actually a cost.Data for enriched cages is presented in Table 2.3. Data in this form was only available for the UK,Sweden, Belgium, and in the latter case is experimental only. For this reason EU-15 data has notbeen extrapolated. The examples for the UK and Sweden are drawn from very large producers withfully automated modern equipment and therefore represent the more efficient and large scale end ofthe likely range. The enriched system in the UK is currently being used with a 630 cm 2 space11 Ultimately a full survey of a representative sample of producers across the EU, stratified by size and production system, would benecessary to be certain that the data are statistically representative.21
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