2120 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSA1.5.5.3. Demand and supply elasticitiesWhile there is no data on demand elasticities it is thought that given there is relatively littlesubstitutability for eggs the price elasticity will be close to one.A1.5.6. The impact of Directive 1999/74/ECA1.5.6.1. Implementation to dateWhile the requirements to date of Directive 1999/74 have been implemented in France there hasbeen no private investment to date in enriched cages in France 79 . This is explained mainly by the factthat producers are unwilling to make the investment until they are certain that the ban onunenriched cages in line with Chapter II, Article 5.2 of the Directive will be implemented and in whatform this will be. Individual producers are also unwilling to incur the investment costs in advance ofthe rest of the industry to avoid being placed at a cost disadvantage.A1.5.6.2. Impact on the industryThere is a strong expectation that the implementation of the ban on unenriched cages in line withChapter II, Article 5.2 of the Directive will bring further consolidation to the industry with asignificant number of producers (approximately 35%) suggesting that they will use their traditionalcaged facilities as long as they are able to and then retire in preference to making the necessaryinvestments. According to research, not yet published, concerning how producers are likely to reactto the full implementation of the Directive, the majority of producers are awaiting the outcome ofthe Commission’s <strong>report</strong> in 2005. According to a survey 80 conducted with a sample of 20% of Frenchproducers:20% of producers will cease production. These are mainly smaller producers with facilitiesdating from before 1985 of whom an estimated 50% have no heirs;for producers with more recent facilities (post 1985) the conclusions were: 15% of producers will cease production; 23% will reduce production, due to the increase in area per hen; 27% will enlarge their facilities in order to maintain their production levels (mainly,producers with over 50,000 hens, new facilities and younger management); 20% are still undecided; 6-8% will change to alternative systems; the remainder did not answer.79 ITAVI is conducting a field study on the operation of enriched cages over a number of production cycles. The first production cycle willhave been completed in May/June 2004.80 This survey is part of a Traineeship Report coordinated by Luc Mirabito,of ITAVI due to be concluded in June 2004.178
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO KEEP LAYING HENSA1.6. GermanyA1.6.1. OverviewGermany has introduced legislation to ban production in traditional cages from 1 January 2007.Germany produced 859,000 tonnes of eggs (13.9 billion eggs) in 2002. There were approximately97,000 producers with a laying flock of some 50 million birds in 2001. Egg production is concentratedin the old Bundesländer, where 71% of the total of all laying hens were held in 2001. 32% ofproducers holding more than 3,000 birds kept 5,000-10,000 birds, and 30% kept flocks of 10,000-30,000 birds in 2002. Germany is a net importer importing 397,866 tonnes and exporting 105,919tonnes of eggs (including eggs for breeding) and egg products in 2002.There are four significant processing companies in Germany accounting for an estimated 50-60% ofeggs processed.A1.6.2. Egg productionAnnual German production of eggs for consumption in 2002 was 827,000 tonnes (plus 40,000 tonnesof hatching eggs) from a laying flock of 48.6 million 81 birds. The predominant mode of production is inthe traditional caged system, which accounted for 86.4% of the number of laying hens in 2001 82 . Thebulk of German egg production is in the old pre-unification Federal Republic Länder in the westernpart of the country. In 2001, 67% of all eggs (in flocks of 3,000 birds or more) were produced in theold Länder, mainly in Lower Saxony (37%). About 10% were produced in Saxony in the new Länder.In 2003, more than 90% of all holdings with more than 3,000 birds were situated in the old preunificationFederal Republic Länder. Lower Saxony dominated with 31% of all holdings (with >3,000hens). The average size of holdings with more than 3,000 hens was 31,600 in 2003. Holdings tend tobe bigger in the new Länder (104,100 birds in Saxony, 82,200 in Thuringia, 67,500 in Saxony-Anhaltand 52,500 in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) than in the old pre-unification Federal RepublicGerman Bundesländer (30,600 in Lower Saxony, 9,600 in Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate).Overall German egg production decreased from 922,000 tonnes (15.4 bn eggs) in 1991 to a level of826,000 tonnes in 1993, and then increased again to reach another peak of 893,000 tonnes in 1998.Since 1998, overall German egg output has been falling and is now estimated at 825,000 tonnes (13.3bn eggs) in 2003.81 Excluding mother hens. Using ZMP data in 2002, there was a total of 58,607,000 laying hens recorded, of which 41,330,000 were half ayear or older and 17,277,000 were less than half a year old82 83.9% of the total number of laying hens in 2002 for flocks with more than 3,000 hens.179
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