2120 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

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APPENDIX 1: MEMBER STATE REPORTSAnimal welfare is not a prominent issue in Brazil, and there is little evidence that it will soon becomeone. Although some producers are aware of the attention the issue is receiving in the EU and theUS, it seems unlikely that anything will be done unless required by importing countries. And, giventhe small role exports play, importing countries are not likely to exercise much influence in theforeseeable future.We were unable to find performance information that distinguished between different levels ofautomation. The information on Brazil provided by the International Egg Commission describesproduction as “100% caged”. However, we also know that most producers are not fully automated.Ideally, if the data were available, we would distinguish among systems on the basis of the extent towhich they were automated. We have provided separate information on the production of whiteeggs and brown eggs in both unmolted and molted flocks. As mentioned previously, approximately75% of Brazil’s production is comprised of white eggs. Layers of brown eggs are slightly larger andtherefore consume more feed and require more space. They also produce slightly fewer eggs percycle.We are told that in “normal times”, forced molting is used by 80% to 90% of producers in Brazil, atleast the larger, commercial producers. However, due to an outbreak of “laringotraqueite” inBastos, forced molting in that region is currently banned and will not be re-introduced for at least ayear.When molting is permitted, an estimated 60% of those who use the practice have integrated it intotheir systems and therefore molt their flocks regardless of the near-term economic conditions. Theremaining growers apply molting techniques from time-to-time, depending on near-term economicconditions. The “in-and-outers” usually gear their decision on molting to the price outlook for theEaster holiday, a customary period of heavy demand. When molting is used, producers commonlykeep their flocks laying through two or three cycles. The number of laying days can therefore rangefrom around 420 days (1-cycle) to around 567 days (2-cycles) to around 714 days (3-cycles).Table A2.3 below summarises performance measures of Brazilian egg production for one-cycle(unmolted) flocks in the production of white eggs and brown eggs and for two/three cycle (molted)flocks. The information on unmolted flocks is based on current performance records while that formolted flocks was collected in 1995 and is therefore somewhat dated. While we expect that thelaying cycle for molted flocks has not changed much (assuming this represents a blend of two andthree-cycle systems), we expect that feeding efficiency has continued to improve and is now close tothat shown for the unmolted flocks.334
APPENDIX 1: MEMBER STATE REPORTSTable A2.3: Performance measures for commercial egg production in BrazilMeasureOne cycle,white eggsOne cycle,brown eggsTwo-threecycleLaying cycle (days) 420 420 681Empty period (days) 14 14 14Feed/bird (kg) over laying cycle 44.1 48.7 74.1Feed/bird/day (g) 105 116 109Eggs/bird/laying cycle 320-340 315-335 494Kg feed per kg eggs 1.87-2.13 2.13-2.40 2.40Mortality (%) 8-10 6-8 n.a.Number of hens/labourer 20,000-200,000 20,000-200,000 n.a.Hens housed per m 2 house 12 8 n.a.Space allowance per hen (cm 2 ) 450 480 n.a.Pullet cost (R$) 5.50-6.00 5.50-6.00 n.a.End of lay hen weight (kg) 1.5-1.8 2.0-2.2 n.a.End of lay hen price (R$/kg) .60-.70 .60-.70 n.a.n.a. = Not availableSource: Sonia Martins, Ph.D. thesis.While egg production in Brazil has risen only moderately over the past 10 or 15 years, there isevidence that the industry has made important advances in genetics and production practices overthe period. Results of a study comparing the performance of several larger commercial producersbetween 1985 and 1995 are summarised in Table A2.4. As indicated, the upper bounds of eggproduction and length of life were greatly expanded while feeding efficiency was increased as well.The dramatic increase in the length of production, from 14 to more than 22 months, suggests thatsome if not most of these producers adopted molting practices during the period of study.Table A2.4: Changes in performance measures of selected Brazilian egg producersbetween 1985 and 1995.Measure 1985 1995 % changeGrow-out life (months) 6.0 4.4 -27Production life (months) 14.0 22.4 +60Feed consumption/bird/production phase 41.8 74.1 +77Kg feed per kg eggs 2.67 2.40 -10Total egg production 250.6 494.4 +97Source: Sonia Martins, Ph.D. thesis.A2.1.2.4. Production costsCost of production estimates for Brazilian egg production are particularly difficult to pin down giventhe heterogeneous nature of the production systems in use. We have relied primarily on estimatesderived from producer surveys and on poultry specialists operating in the primary egg-producingregion. This includes cost data collected in late 2002 and early 2003 by researchers at the Universityof Sao Paulo for 90 egg producers in the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Parana. Theestimates appearing in Table A2.5 represent a mix of automated and traditional production systems.335
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