Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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Cost-effective mass cloning of plants 139 Bhattacharya et al., 1994). Root health is seriously affected by ethylene accumulation in vessels with inadequate gas exchange (Zobayed et al., 2001; de Klerk, 2001). The near 100% field survival of pineapple plantlets may be correlated with both healthy, uninjured roots. It is clear, therefore, that Growtek is an effective bioreactor for many aspects of propagation of plant cells and tissues. It is also cheaper than other commonly used apparatus meant for the use of liquid media (Table 5). Apart from the cost, other culture vessels may require additional expenses for operation (e.g., wetting agent in Life Guard; air delivery system in TIS). The superiority of any of these available bioreactors will be dependent on eventual cost-effectiveness in mass cloning and convenience of operation without compromising the quality of the plantlets. In conclusion, this article reports the usefulness of Growtek in terms of enhanced multiplication rates, reduced bioreactor costs, saving in incubation time, the minimisation of contamination and plantlet transfer without root injury. Experiments continue to be conducted in our institute to use Growtek for in vitro molecular pharming, production of secondary metabolites, bioremediation, solid-state fungal cultivation and aseptic seed germination. Acknowledgements The author acknowledges the useful experimental assistance provided by Mr. P. Saha, Mr. S. De and Mr. A. Pradhan. Help from STEP, IIT- Kharagpur, in the field trial is thankfully recorded. References Bhattacharya PS, Dey S, Das N & Bhattacharyya BC (1990) Rapid mass propagation of Chrysanthemum morifolium by callus derived from stem and leaf explants. Plant Cell Rep. 9: 439-443 Bhattacharya P, Dey S & Bhattacharyya BC (1994) Use of low-cost gelling agents and support matrices for industrial scale plant tissue culture. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 37: 15-23 Cassels AC (1991) Problems in tissue culture: contamination. In: PC Debergh and RH Zimmermann (eds) Micropropagation Technology and Application (pp. 31-44). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Curtis WR & Emery AH (1993) Plant cell suspension culture rheology. Biotechnol. Bioengng. 42: 520-526 Das Susobhan, Das Surajit, Pal S, Mujib A, Sahoo SS, Dey S, Ponde NR & Das Gupta S (1999) A novel process for rapid mass propagation of Santalum album L. in liquid media and bioreactor. In: Giberti G et al. (eds) Agricultural Production, Post Harvest Techniques, Biotechnology (proc, WOCMAP2) Acta Hort. 522: 281-286
140 Satyahari Dey Debergh P (1983) Effects of agar brand and concentration on the tissue culture medium. Physiol. Plant. 59: 270-276 Dey S (2001) Mass cloning of Santalum album L. through somatic embryogenesis: scale up in bioreactor. Sandalwood Research Newsletter 13: 1-3 Doran PM (2000) Foreign protein production in plant tissue cultures. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 11: 199-204 Escalona M, Lorenzo JC, Gonzalez B, Daquinta M, Gonzalez JL, Desjardins Y & Borroto CG (1999) Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) micropropagation in temporary immersion systems. Plant Cell Rep. 18: 743-748 Etienne H, Lartaud M, Michaux-Ferriere N, Carron MP, Berthouly M & Teisson C (1997) Improvement of somatic embryogenesis in Hevea Brasiliensis (Mull. Arg.) using the temporary immersion technique. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 33: 81-87 Facchini PJ & Di Cosmo F (1991) Plant cell bioreactor for production of protoberberine alkaloids from immobilized Thalictrum rugosum cultures. Biotechnol. Bioengineering 37: 397-403 Gangopadhyay G, Das S, Mitra SK, Poddar R, Modak BK & Mukherjee KK (2002) Enhanced rate of multiplication and rooting through the use of coir in aseptic liquid culture media. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 68: 301-310 Goldstein WE (1999) Economic considerations for food ingredients produced by plant cell and tissue culture. In: Fu et al. (eds) Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food Ingredients (pp. 195-213). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York Gupta PK, Pullman G, Timmis R, Kreitinger M, Carlson WC, Grob J & Welty E (1993) Forestry in 21st century: the biotechnology of somatic embryogenesis. Biotechnology 11: 454-459 Henderson WE & Kinnersley AM (1988) Corn starch as an alternative gelling agent for plant tissue culture. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 15: 17-22 Hunter CS & Kilby NJ (1999) Betalains: their accumulation and release in vitro. In: Robert D Hall (ed.) Plant Cell Culture Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 111 (pp. 403- 410), Humana Press Wageningen Hvoslef-Eide AK & Melby TI (2000) Summary of results from bioreactor experiments with Cyclamen propagation via somatic embryogenesis. COST 843 Working Group 2 Meeting, Advanced Propagation Techniques (pp. 18-20). Tampere, Finland, July 7-10 Jimenez E, Perez N, de Feria M, Barbon R, Capote A, Chavez M & Quiala E (1999) Improved production of potato microtuber in a temporary immersion system. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 59: 19-23 Kavanagh K, Drew AP & Maynard C (1991) The effect of the culture vessel on micropropagation. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, High- Tech and Micropropagation- I, Vol. 17 (pp. 202-211), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg Klerk Geert-Jan de (2001) Rooting of microcuttings: theory and practice. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. (Plant) 37(3): p. 19 (Part-II) Lakshmi Sita G, Singh R & Iyer CPA (1974) Plantlets through shoot tip cultures in pineapple. Curr. Sci. 43: 724-725 Maes M, Crepel C, Werbrouck S & Debergh P (1998) Perspectives for a DNA–based detection of bacterial contamination in micropropagated plant tissue. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 4: 49-56 Meyer JE, Pepin MF & Smith MAL (2002) Anthocyanin production from Vaccinium pahalae: limitations of physical microenvironment. Journal of Biotechnology 93: 45-57 Murashige T & Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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Page 122 and 123: 108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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Page 128 and 129: 114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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Page 132 and 133: 118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
Page 134 and 135: 120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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Page 140 and 141: Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
Page 142 and 143: Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
Page 156 and 157: 144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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Page 166 and 167: Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
Page 168 and 169: Control of growth and differentiati
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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