Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Increasing CO2 to 700-800 ppm increased the growth by 15-30 % and reduced the transpiration by about 15-20 % (Mortensen and Gislerød, 1989). This suggests that it may be necessary to increase the conductivity of the nutrient solution by about 30 %, compared to growing without supplementary CO2. 5. Conclusions Well-balanced nutrient concentrations in the growing media combined with the optimum growth environment, are beneficial not only to the growth in the greenhouse and the culture room for in vitro cultures, but the aftereffects are also of high value. In addition to this, optimum nutrient concentrations have to be supplied for the mother plants before propagation by conventional methods as well as for the in vitro culture to achieve maximum growth. Growing plants in liquid cultures, whether in greenhouses or in vitro, needs even more careful attention to plant nutrition than growing on solid or gelled media, and more knowledge of the climatic conditions that interact with nutrition. Comparing the most used media for in vitro cultures (Murashige and Skoog, 1962; Murashige et al., 1972), with nutrient solutions used for NFT in greenhouses, the relative concentrations between the nutrients are far from ideal. We strongly suggest that more attention should be paid to the natural mineral content of the plant being propagated, and the relative nutrient concentrations. These analyses should be used when designing optimised media for in vitro cultures. This should improve plant quality from in vitro cultures by enhancing proliferation in vitro, as well as having a positive after-effect on the subsequent growth and quality ex vitro. References Adams P (1994) Nutrition of greenhouse vegetables in NFT and hydroponics systems. Acta Hortic. 361: 145-257 Adams P (2002) Nutritional control in hydroponic. In: Saavas D & Passam H (eds) Hydroponic production of vegetables and ornamentals. Embryo publications, Athens, Greece. ISBN 960-8002-12-5 Adams P & Grimmett MM (1986) Some responses of tomatoes to the concentration of potassium in recirculating solution. Acta Hortic. 178: 29-35
Nutrition of plants in greenhouses and in vitro 491 Ayeh KO (1998) Optimisation by mass propagation through tissue culture of Saintpaulia, Begonia, Gypsophila and cocoa. Master Thesis at University of Oslo/Agricultural University of Norway, 121 pages Borgen, Hvoslef-Eide AK (1983) In vitro culture of Begonia x cheimantha. Master thesis at the Agricultural University of Norway, 27 pages Borgen AK & Næss SK (1987) Homogeneity and plant quality of in vitro propagated Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis'. Acta Hortic. 212: 433-438 Bouman H & Tiekstra A (2002) Adaptations of tissue culture media derived from composition of hydroponic substrates and plant elemental analysis. In: Hvoslef-Eide AK (ed) Abstract Book from the 1 st Symposium on Liquid Systems for in vitro Mass Propagation of Plants, Aas NLH, Norway 29 May-2 June 2002 (pp. 58-59). Agricultural University of Norway, ISBN 82-996332-0-6 Bævre OA & Gislerød HR (1999) Plantedyrking i regulert klima. Landbruksforlaget, Oslo, Norway Driver JA & Kuniyuki AH (1984) In vitro propagation of Paradox walnut rootstock. Hort. Sci. 19: 507-509 Feigin A, Ginzburg C, Ackerman A & Gilead (1984) Response of roses growing in a volcanic rock substrate to different NH 4/NO 3 ratios in the nutrient solution. In: Proc.6 th Intern. Congr. Soilless Culture (pp. 207-214). Lunteren Gislerød HR (1993) The effect of supplementary light and electrical conductivity on growth and quality of cut flowers. Acta Hortic. 342: 51-60 Gislerød HR (1997) The role of calcium on several aspects of plant and flower quality from a floricultural perspective. Acta Hortic. 481: 345-352. Gislerød HR, Selmer-Olsen AR & Mortensen LM (1987) The effect of air humidity on nutrient uptake of some greenhouse plants. Plant and Soil 102: 193-196 Hvoslef-Eide AK (1990) The effect of irradiance and temperature on in vitro culture of Nephrolepis exaltata and Cordyline fruticosa. Gartenbauwissenschaft 55(6): 259-264 Ingestad T (1972) Mineral nutrition requirements of cucumber seedlings. Plant Physiol. 52: 332-338 Ikeda H & Osawa T (1983) Effect of ratios of NO 3 to NH4 and concentration of each N source in the nutrient solution on growth and leaf N constituents of vegetable crops and solution pH. J.Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. 52: 150-166 Islam N, Grindal Patil G, Torre S & Gislerød HR (2004) Effect of RH, light and calcium fertilization on tipburn and calcium content in the leaves of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners. Europ.J. Hort. Sci. 69(1): 29-36. Leifert C, Lumsden PJ, Pryce S & Murphy K (1991) Effects of mineral nutrition on growth of tissue cultured plants. In: Goulding KH (ed) Horticultural exploitation of recent biological developments (pp. 43-57). Lancashire Polytechnic Publication Service, Preston, UK Leifert C, Murphy KP & Lumsden PJ (1995) Mineral and carbohydrate nutrition of plant cell and tissue cultures. In: Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 14(2): 83-109 Lloyd G & McCown B (1980) Commercially feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. Proc. Int. Plant. Prop. Soc. 30: 421-427 Murashige T & Skoog F (1962) A. revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant.15: 473-497 Murashige T, Shaba MN, Hasagawa PA, Taktori FH & Jones JB (1972) Propagation of Asparagus through shoot apex culture 1. Nutrient for medium for formation of plantlets. J. Amer. Soc.Hort.Sci. 97: 158-161
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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Page 442 and 443: 444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
Page 444 and 445: 446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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Page 448 and 449: 450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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Page 452 and 453: 454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
Page 454 and 455: 456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
Page 456 and 457: Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Page 472 and 473: 476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
Page 474 and 475: 478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
Page 476 and 477: 480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
Page 478 and 479: 482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
Page 480 and 481: 484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
Page 482 and 483: 486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
Page 484 and 485: 488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
Page 488 and 489: 492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
Page 490 and 491: 494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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Page 504 and 505: 510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
Page 506 and 507: 512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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Page 510 and 511: 516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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Page 516 and 517: 522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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Page 520 and 521: 526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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Page 526 and 527: 532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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Page 530 and 531: 536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
Page 532 and 533: Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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