Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricity, frequently observed in constant immersion as well as in solid culture, is significantly reduced (Etienne et al., 1997). The best immersion time varied according to the genotype. Green tissues are not fully autotrophic in in vitro grown plants due to the growth conditions being unsuitable for photosynthesis. Light and CO2 concentrations in the jars or test tubes can be limiting for the photosynthetic process (Pierik, 1987). Microshoots under in vitro culture conditions can have a negative net photosynthetic rate and depend on sucrose uptake from the medium for their growth (De Riek et al., 1997). Few results are available on the mechanisms of sugar uptake in shoot tissue culture systems. It is accepted that sugar uptake is an energy dependent process. Most publications dealing with sucrose uptake by cell cultures assume that sucrose molecules supplied via the culture medium are hydrolysed by cell wall or plasmalemma located invertases. The resulting fructose and glucose are readily taken up by the cells. Studies carried out using labelled hexoses showed the re-synthesis of sucrose inside the plants, of which 25-40 % is used for respiration. Sucrose accumulation occurs in leaves when carbohydrates derived from photosynthesis are added to the sucrose unloaded from the phloem (De Riek et al., 1997). From the results reported here, it was shown that in plants grown in TIS the total amount of fructose significantly increased, mainly accumulated as sucrose, while in plants grown in solid and stationary liquid conditions free fructose prevailed. These results seem to support the hypothesis that the plants cultured in TIS, being in contact with the sugars in the medium only for very short period during the culture, can partially restore autotrophic ability and the capability to accumulate sugars. In fact, low or no supply of sucrose to herbaceous plants has been already shown to increase shoot growth, promoting autotrophic behaviour (Aitken-Christie and Davies, 1988). Furthermore, the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids also appeared higher in plants cultured in TIS at the specific optimal immersion time. In our experiments the TIS was shown to improve mainly the quality of the plant material. Further experiments are needed to determine the response of plants cultured in TIS to other immersion frequencies, to rooting and to the stress of acclimation. Acknowledgements Mr. Frattarelli has provided technical implementation of experimental plan and collection of data.
Propagation of Prunus and Malus by temporary immersion 251 References Aitken-Christie J & Davies HE (1988) Development of a semi-automated micropropagation system. Acta Hort. 230: 81-87 Alvard D, Cote F & Teisson C (1993) Comparison of methods of liquid medium culture for banana micropropagation. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 43: 55-60 Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24 (1): 1-15 Cabasson C, Alvard D, Dambier D, Ollitrault P & Teisson C (1997) Improvement of Citrus somatic embryo development by temporary immersion. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 50: 33-37 Damiano C, Caboni E, Frattarelli A, Giorgioni M, Liberali M, Lauri P & D'Angeli S (2000) Innovative micropropagation of temperate fruit trees: the case of pear. Acta Hort. 530: 181-185 Davis JS & Gander JE (1967) A re-evaluation of the Roe procedure for determination of fructose. Anal. Biochem. 19: 72-79 De Riek J, Piqueras A & Debergh PC (1997) Sucrose uptake and metabolism in a double layer system for micropropagation of Rosa multiflora. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 47: 269-278 Escalant J-V, Teisson C & Cote F (1994) Amplified somatic embryogenesis from male flowers of triploid banana and plantain cultivars (Musa spp.). In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 30P: 181-186 Escalona M, Lorenzo JC, Gonzáles B, Daquinta M, Gonzáles JL, Desjardins Y & Borroto CG (1999) Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) micropropagation in temporary immersion systems. Plant Cell Rep. 18: 743-748 Etienne H & Berthouly M (2002) Temporary immersion systems in plant micropropagation. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 69: 215-231 Etienne H, Lartaud M, Michaux-Ferrière N, Carron MP, Berthouly M & Teisson C (1997) Improvement of somatic embryogenesis in Hevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.) using the temporary immersion technique. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. – Plant, 33: 81-87 Jensen A (1973) Chlorophylls and catotenoids. In: Hellebust JA & Craigie JS (eds) Handbook of Phycological Methods. Physiological and Biochemical Methods (pp. 59-70).Cambridge University Press Lorenzo JC, Gonzáles BL, Escalona M, Teisson C, Espinosa P & Borroto C (1998) Sugarcane shoot formation in an improved temporary immersion system. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 54: 197-200 Murashige T & Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497 Pierik RLM (1987) In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht Quoirin M, Lepoivre P & Boxus Ph (1977) Un premier bilan de 10 annèes de recherches sur les cultures de meristèmes et la multiplication in vitro de fruitiers ligneux. In: Compte Rendu des Recherches 1976-1977 (pp. 93-117). Station des cultures fruitières et maraichères, Gembloux Teisson C & Alvard D (1995) A new concept of plant in vitro cultivation liquid medium: temporary immersion. In: Terzi M, Cella R & Falavigna A (eds) Current Issues in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology (pp. 105-109). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Tisserat B & Vandercook CE (1985) Development of an automated plant culture system. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 5: 107-117
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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Page 206 and 207: 198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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Page 210 and 211: 202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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Page 214 and 215: 206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
Page 216 and 217: 208 Elio Jiménez González germina
Page 218 and 219: 210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Page 232 and 233: Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Page 258 and 259: Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
Page 260 and 261: Optimisation of growing conditions
Page 268 and 269: 264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
Page 270 and 271: 266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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Page 276 and 277: 272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
Page 278 and 279: 274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
Page 280 and 281: 276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
Page 282 and 283: 278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
Page 284 and 285: 280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
Page 286 and 287: Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
Page 288 and 289: Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
Page 290 and 291: Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
Page 292 and 293: Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Page 300 and 301: 298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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