Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium dissolved oxygen content at tissue surface, �mol O2 • l -1 dp = Particle diameter, cm DO 2 = Diffusion coefficient of oxygen in media, cm 2 • s -1 Dimpeller = Impeller diameter, cm FW = Fresh Weight, g g = Gravitational acceleration = 980 cm • s -2 h0 = Height of unaerated liquid in bioreactor, cm H = Henry’s law coefficient, atm • l • (�mol O2) -1 Hk = Experimental coefficients for the k th dissociated medium ion in Bunsen correlation (eqn. 6), l • mol -1 kL = Mass transfer coefficient at liquid-gas interface, cm • s -1 ks = Mass transfer coefficient at solid-liquid interface, cm • s -1 ks,available= Mass transfer coefficient at solid-liquid interface that is available as a result of flow past solid, cm • s -1 ks,required = Mass transfer coefficient at solid-liquid interface that is needed to supply oxygen demand, cm • s -1 Korganic,i =Experimental coefficients for the i th organic media component in Bunsen correlation (eqn. 6), l • mol -1 N = Impeller rotational rate, s -1 NP = Impeller power number, dimensionless OTR = Oxygen Transfer Rate, �mol O2 • hr -1 OTRg-L = Oxygen Transfer Rate from the gas to liquid, �mol O2 • hr -1 OTRL-s = Oxygen Transfer Rate from the liquid to tissue surface, �mol O2 • hr -1 OUR = Oxygen Uptake Rate (specific), �mol O2 • gFW -1 • hr -1 P = Local system pressure, atm = Pressure at the top surface of liquid, atm Ptop Pˆ = Power per unit volume, Watts • l -1 P ˆ = Power per unit volume due to impeller mixing, Watts • l -1 N Pg ˆ = Power per unit volume due to gas sparging, Watts • l -1 Qtop = volumetric gas flow rate at top (surface) of bioreactor, cm 3 • s -1 vs, vsediment = Sedimentation velocity, cm • s -1 Vmedia = Volume of media in bioreactor, cm 3 Vt = Tissue volume, cm 3 vvm = volume of gas sparged per volume of liquid per minute, min -1 xj = concentration of ions in liquid phase, mol • l -1 xorganic, i = concentration of organic components in liquid phase, mol • l -1 yO 2 zk = mole fraction of oxygen in the gas phase, dimensionless = valance of dissociated ion, dimensionless
Application of Bioreactor Design Principles 39 Greek symbols � = Bunsen coefficient, volume of oxygen dissolved per volume of media @ 0 o C and 1 atm, dimensionless �� Bunsen coefficient of pure water, volume of oxygen dissolved per volume of media @ 0 o C and 1 atm, dimensionless� �k = Kalmogorov length scale, cm� �media = Viscosity of media, dyne • sec • cm -2 = g • cm -1 • s -1 = Density of water, g • cm -3 �H 2 O �media = Media density, g • cm -3 �t, �tissue= Tissue density, g • cm -3 Acknowledgements I thank Undergraduate Researchers Olatilewa O. Awe and Adam J. Pingel for implementing the polystyrene bead suspension studies in the airlift and stirred tank bioreactors, respectively. We would like to acknowledge grant support from the National Science Foundation Grants No. BES- 0003926, BES-9522033 for support of our research in bioreactor design. References Altman PL & Dittmer DS (1968) Metabolism, Biological Handbooks, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda Maryland Asplund PA & Curtis WR (2001) Intrinsic oxygen use kinetics of transformed root culture, Biotechnology Progress, 17:481-489 Blanch HW & Clark DS (1997) Biochemical Engineering, Marcel Dekker, New York Curtis WR (1999) Achieving economic feasibility for moderate-value food and flavor additives: A perspective on productivity and proposal for production technology cost reduction, In: Fu T J; Singh G; Curtis W R (eds) Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food Ingredients (pp. 225-236) Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishing, New York, NY Curtis WR (2001) Method and apparatus for aseptic growth or processing of biomass, U.S. Patent # 6,245,555, June 12 Curtis WR & Emery AH (1993) Plant cell suspension culture rheology, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 42:520-526 Gamborg OL, Miller RA & Ojima K (1968). Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells, Exp.Cell Res., 50:151-158 Gupta PK & Durzan DJ (1985) Shoot multiplication from mature trees of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), Plant Cell Reports: 177-179 Hsiao TY, Bacani FT, Carvalho EB & Curtis WR (1999) Development of a low capital investment reactor system: Application for plant cell suspension culture, Biotechnology Progress, 15(1):114-122
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
Page 4 and 5: A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contributing Authors xiii
Page 8 and 9: Liquid culture systems for in vitro
Page 12 and 13: Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
Page 16 and 17: Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
Page 20 and 21: General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
Page 22 and 23: General introduction 5 rooted in gr
Page 24 and 25: General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
Page 26 and 27: General introduction 9 the bioreact
Page 28 and 29: General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
Page 30 and 31: General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
Page 32 and 33: General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
Page 34 and 35: General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
Page 36 and 37: I. Bioreactors
Page 38 and 39: 22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
Page 40 and 41: 24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
Page 42 and 43: 26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
Page 44 and 45: 28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
Page 46 and 47: 30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
Page 48 and 49: 32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
Page 50 and 51: 34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
Page 52 and 53: 36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
Page 56 and 57: 40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
Page 58 and 59: 42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
Page 78 and 79: Practical aspects of bioreactor app
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
Page 96 and 97: Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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