Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Plant material and culture media Ruta graveolens shoot cultures were initiated from sterile seedling (seeds provided by Ets Bertrand Frères SA, Orléans, France) as previously described (Massot et al., 2000). The plant material stock was cultivated in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml of B5 (Gamborg et al., 1968) medium containing 9 µmol (2 mg l -1 ) of 2,4-D and kinetin and 30 g l -1 of sucrose. This medium – called B5(30)K2D2 – was used for all experiments, except in the case of sucrose trials where sucrose was lowered to 10 g l -1 (then: medium called B5(10)K2D2 ). Arbitrary mark (AM) Air out Air in T° pH pO2 Peristaltic pump 0.22µm filter B Warmed air for Balance temperature regulation A: 4-litre Setric Génie IndustrielTM Temperature jacket filled with T° controlled air Bioreactor connected to a 5-litre Schott flask (Bioreactor 1) Autopriming siphon Air out Air in 1 B B: Bioreactor for permament Immersion (Bioreactor 2) 2 Air out A B C: Bioreactor for temporary Immersion c2 (Bioreactor 3) Timer Air in Aquarium air pump c1 B C Figure 2: Scheme of the different bioreactors tested in these experiments.
Development and validation of low cost bioreactor 513 2.2 Bioreactor experiments A 4-litre fermentor provided by Setric Genie Industriel (France), equipped with a temperature, an oxygen and a pH probe was coupled with a 5-litre Schott flask that allows the weighting of shoots drained weight in the fermentor after transfer of the medium into the flask (Figure 2, Bioreactor 1). The culture was performed in 4.8 litres (2 litres in the bioreactor and 2.8 litres remaining in the 5-litre Schott flask) of B5(30)K2D2 at 24°C (pO2 set at 50% of air saturation). The impeller agitation rate was set at 10 rpm. Measurement of shoot biomass was performed on a weight-volumetric method as follow: before culture experiments, the mass of medium (Mo) necessary to fill the empty reactor up to an arbitrary mark (AM on Figure 2, Bioreactor 1) was measured. Afterwards, for each measurement, all the medium contained in the bioreactor was transferred into the Schott flask which was weighted. Then, the medium was transferred back into the reactor up to the marked level (AM) and the Schott flask was weighted again. The difference of mass between the two weightings corresponds to the mass of medium (Mt) necessary to complete the volume (in the fermentor which contains the shoots) up to the marked level. Both densities of the medium and of the shoots are very close to 1 (� 1%). Thus, for each measurement, the difference between Mo and Mt corresponds to the weight of the shoots, which can be estimated with a final measured error of 2%. 2.3 Bubble flask system The bubble flask consists of a 3-litre glass vessel, containing various volumes of medium (classically 1.5 litre) in which air is bubbled (0.01 vvm) through a sparger. Inlets and outlets are protected by 0.22 µm Hepa-vent filters. The culture flask is connected to another 3-litre flask in which medium is transferred for weighting the biomass (Figure 2, Bioreactor 2). 2.4 Temporary immersion system A temporary immersion system (Figure 2, Bioreactor 3) has been developed on the basis of the previous bubble flask (Bioreactor 2). The culture medium (classical volume for experiments: 1.5 litre) is contained in a flask (flask C in Figure 2, Bioreactor 3) and partially transferred into another one (flask B in Figure 2, Bioreactor 3) at inoculation time. Further transfers are carried out during the culture depending on the shoot growth (see results). During the culture, the medium is pulsed from flask B to flask A (in which the biomass is inoculated and cultivated) using an air-pump controlled by a timer. When the air-pump stops, an auto-priming siphon that we
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
Page 456 and 457: Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Page 472 and 473: 476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
Page 474 and 475: 478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
Page 476 and 477: 480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
Page 478 and 479: 482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
Page 480 and 481: 484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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Page 488 and 489: 492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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Page 502 and 503: V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
Page 504 and 505: 510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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Page 526 and 527: 532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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Page 532 and 533: Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Page 540 and 541: Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
Page 542 and 543: Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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Page 552 and 553: 560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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