Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra small range of commercial available media is examined, or various concentrations of a conventional medium, in particular MS (developed by Murashige and Skoog in 1962 for optimal growth of tobacco callus), are tested. In this paper, two other strategies for the modification of mineral nutrient composition are investigated with Cymbidium and Gerbera: one is based on the elemental analysis of the plant species, and the other on the mineral composition of hydroponic substrates used by growers. Growth on adapted media was compared with growth on normal-used MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) and DKW media (Driver and Kuniyuki, 1984). The latter medium was included because the macro-elemental composition of DKWmedium is more similar to the composition of plants than MS-medium (see for examples tables 1 and 3). Henry et al. (1999) used a similar approach (adaptation according to analysis of plant tissues) applying, however, only simple adaptations. They found a strong increase of growth and of the production of secondary metabolites. Recently, Monteiro et al. (2000) and Cos Terrer and Frutos Tomas (2001) also used this approach with success. Earlier, Rugini (1984) cultured olive cultivars using analytical data from developing shoots and embryos to formulate the basal medium. In preliminary experiments based on elemental analysis of adult leaves, we also found improved growth and propagation for a number of plant species, including Gerbera, Cymbidium, apple and rose (Bouman et al., 2001; Bouman and Tiekstra, 2001). 2. Material and methods 2.1 Plant material Cultures of three Cymbidium cultivars and two Gerbera cultivars were kindly provided, respectively by P+S Plantlab, Assendelft, Netherlands and by SBW International, Roelofarendsveen, Netherlands. 2.2 Growth conditions Cymbidium was grown in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 20 ml medium on a gyratory shaker at 120 rpm at 22 °C, and 16 h light (30 µmol m -2 s -1 ). For each cycle, at least 15 Erlenmeyer flasks with 1.5 g protocorm material were used per medium. The plant material was weighed and visually evaluated after 3 weeks. Normally, these Cymbidium cultivars are grown in half–strength MS macro- and micronutrients, 2 % (w/v) sucrose, MS vitamins, pH 6.0 (according to the tissue culture laboratory that had supplied
Adaptions of the mineral composition of culture media 495 the cultures). For the experiments, two other mineral media were tested: half-strength DKW medium and CAM medium (macronutrients adapted according to the elemental analysis of Cymbidium-, see ‘Results and Discussion’ section; plus ½ MS micronutrients). All compounds, and readymade MS and DKW macro- and micronutrients were obtained from Duchefa (Haarlem, Netherlands). Gerbera plantlets were grown in glass jars (10 propagules per jar) on 150 ml medium with MS macro- and micronutrients with extra 50 µmol NaFeEDTA, 3 % (w/v) sucrose, vitamins (300 mg l -1 thiamine HCl, 100 mg l -1 nicotinic acid, 10 mg l -1 pyridoxine HCl and 1 g l -1 m-inositol), and 12 µmol kinetin, pH 5.8, 0.6 % (w/v) BBL Granulated (Becton Dickinson, Aalst, Belgium) or Daishin (Brunschwig Chemie, Amsterdam) agar at 25 °C and 16 h light (30 µmol m -2 s -1 ). Every 4 – 5 weeks, the clusters of plantlets were weighed, separated into individual plantlets, counted and divided into size classes (arbitrary units: 1: small, 2: medium and 3: large). Plants of approximately the same size (mostly 3, occasionally 2) were used for the next cycle. For experiments, the same composition was used except for the minerals. The adapted media are presented in the ‘Results and Discussion’ section. For experiments with hydroponic adaptations in Gerbera, the concentrations of two microelements were changed: extra Cu was added (1.8 µmol), whereas for Mn, a lower concentration was used (10 µmol). 2.3 Elemental analysis of plant tissues and of hydroponic solutions The elemental compositions of adult leaves of Gerbera and Cymbidium are from Bergmann (1992). The concentrations of elements used for hydroponic cultures are from data and advice from the IKC organisation (Anonymous, 1999). For selected media and plantlets, elemental analysis was performed by contracted service laboratories. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Formulation of media For the formulation of the adapted media, some initial choices had to be made. First, the type of tissue used ‘for reference’ had to be decided upon: whether for the whole plant or just a specific organ (e.g., leaf, embryo, root), the age, the growing nutrient conditions of the reference-plants and their source (field, greenhouse or tissue culture). We used the analyses of youngadult leaves of healthy growing plants as reference material. This is the same
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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Page 442 and 443: 444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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Page 448 and 449: 450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
Page 450 and 451: 452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
Page 452 and 453: 454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
Page 454 and 455: 456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
Page 456 and 457: Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Page 472 and 473: 476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
Page 474 and 475: 478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
Page 476 and 477: 480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
Page 478 and 479: 482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
Page 480 and 481: 484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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Page 502 and 503: V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
Page 504 and 505: 510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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Page 520 and 521: 526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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Page 526 and 527: 532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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Page 532 and 533: Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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