Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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Temporary immersion system: a new concept 173 preferably part of the same vessel. Pressure is applied through a solenoid valve by a compressor connected to a programmable plug. This application determines the time and duration of floodings. As these systems do not include a fresh medium tank, the culture medium has to be changed after 4 to 6 weeks. However, replacement is rapid and there is no need to transfer the plant material. Two variants of this system have been developed and are currently on the market: the Recipient for Automated Temporary Immersion system (RITA � ) and the twin flasks system (BIT � ). – The RITA � system (Figures 1D and 2B; Teisson and Alvard, 1995). The 1-litre vessel comprises two compartments, an upper one with the plant material and a lower one with the medium. The pressure applied in the lower compartment pushes the medium into the upper one. Plants are immersed as long as pressure is applied. During the immersion period, air is bubbled through the medium, gently stirring the plants and renewing the headspace atmosphere inside the culture vessel, with the pressure escaping through outlets on the top of the apparatus. The RITA � system is mainly intended for mass propagation by somatic embryogenesis. – The twin flasks system (BIT � ) (Figures 1E and 2D; Escalona et al., 1998). The easiest way to carry out pneumatically driven temporary immersion is to connect two glass or plastic flasks - from 250 ml to 10 litres - by tubing, and apply alternative pressure to push the medium into the respective recipient vessels. The RITA � vessel can easily be adapted to this configuration. In 1994, Akita and Takayama proposed a similar system known as the ‘system for semi-continuous medium surface level control culture’, adapted to potato tuberization. That system incorporates a forced aeration in the culture vessel, which is not found in the BIT � system. 3. Effect of temporary immersion on biological yield from different micropropagation processes When envisaging commercial use of automated temporary immersion systems, it is important to take comprehensive measurements of growth, production and quality on the cultured material, and compare them to data obtained on material produced with the conventional culture systems.
174 M. Berthouly & H. Etienne 3.1 Shoot proliferation and microcuttings A great deal of work has proved that temporary immersion stimulates shoot proliferation. In 1987, Aitken-Christie and Jones showed better shoot growth could be obtained for radiata pine with a method involving replenishment of a liquid nutrient medium than with monthly transfers on an agar medium. This system enabled continuous shoot growth and monthly harvests for 18 months, without transferring the plant material. Shoots obtained with partial and temporary immersion in the nutrient medium were longer and of better quality than those obtained on agar media. A complete and convincing demonstration of the efficacy of temporary immersion was carried out for the proliferation of banana meristems. Alvard et al. (1993) showed that applying liquid medium strongly influenced the development and proliferation rate for micropropagated banana explants. When four liquid medium culture methods were compared to the conventional method on agar medium, they obtained the following results after culturing for 20 days: i) shoots placed in a simple liquid medium or on a cellulose support barely proliferated or not at all; ii) shoots on an agar medium, those subjected to partial immersion and those in a bubble-aerated medium had multiplication rates of 2.2 to 3.1 and, iii) the highest proliferation rate (>5) was found for explants subjected to temporary immersion in the medium. These authors obtained their results using a RITA � bioreactor, with 20 min immersions every 2 h. A Cuban team obtained similar results with banana, using the twin flasks system (Teisson et al., 1999). Serviceberry shoots (Amelanchier x grandiflora Rehd. ‘Princess Diana’) were cultured in the temporary immersion system described by Simonton et al. (1991) and compared to those obtained either on agar medium or in liquid medium in baby food jars, and on agar medium or in non-cycling liquid medium in a 7-litre vessel (Krueger et al., 1991). A combination of liquid medium, a 7-litre recipient vessel and intermittent contact with the liquid medium gave significantly higher proliferation rates than in any other combination tested. Compared with conventional treatment (agar medium in baby food jars), cultures that grew in intermittent contact with the culture medium gave higher values for the number of shoots (x 2.6), shoot weight (x 2.1), shoot length (x 1.2) and culture weight (x 2.2). With sugarcane, Lorenzo et al. (1998) also showed with the Twin Flasks system that temporary immersion clearly stimulated shoot formation and length. The multiplication rate (23.9 shoots per 30 days) increased by 6 compared with the standard protocol (3.96 shoots per 30 days; Jiménez et al., 1995). Similar results were obtained with another 3 genotypes. Likewise, Escalona et al. (1999) used the same bioreactor for pineapple meristem propagation to show that temporary immersion stimulated the multiplication
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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Page 140 and 141: Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Page 206 and 207: 198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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