Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive compounds of plant material grown in different in vitro culture systems and the field grown plants. For Lavandula, the content of rosmarinic acid was higher in in vitro grown plant material, especially in callus and cell cultures. This corresponds to results of Ulbrich et al. (1985) who produced rosmarinic acid in cell cultures of Coleus blumei in a concentration that was 7 times higher compared to whole plants. The same is also true for other compounds e.g. as early as 1977 Zenk et al. reported higher production of ajmalicine in cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus compared to whole plants and also shikonin is more concentrated in cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Fujita, 1988). For Hypericum, Cymbopogon and Fabiana the concentration of the desired compounds was lower compared to field grown plants. This is a well known phenomenon and attributed to the fact that for many compounds plant growth and the production of secondary metabolites are inversly related (Bhojwani and Radzan, 1996). In the case of Hypericum this hypothesis is confirmed by our data analysing different biomass fractions from temporary immersion vessels: the highest content of hypericin was found in yellow and brown biomass indicating that during the transition from active plant growth to the stationary phase the corresponding enzymes involved are induced. For Lavandula, in the same experiment the highest content of rosmarinic acid was found in actively growing green biomass. This corresponds well with the data discussed above that for this plant species, fast growing cell cultures produce more rosmarinic acid compared to whole plants. Thus, rosmarinic acid can be obtained from Lavandula cultures in the exponential growth phase and, therefore, an optimised continuous suspension culture system can be developed. However, for Hypericum it might be useful to establish a two-stage-culture system with a first stage of excessive plant growth and a second stage for secondary product formation induced by a change of the physical or chemical growth conditions. An important result of our investigations is that in the case of plants with low product yields in in vitro cultures (Hypericum, Cymbopogon, Fabiana) the concentration of the desired compounds was always higher in shoot cultures compared to cell or callus cultures. All of our model plants could be grown with high multiplication rates in TIS, these systems represent an attractive alternative to cell cultures, especially since environmental growth parameters still remain to be optimised, which will probably further increase the product yield. For example, Tisserat and Vaughn (2001) have recently shown, that the concentration of thymol in in vitro grown thyme plants could be increased 317-fold by growing the plants under high CO2-levels. Zobayed et al. (2003) demonstrated that the concentration of hypericin- pseudohypericin and hyperforin in bioreactor culture of Hypericum perforatum can be altered selectively by elevated carbon supply. A higher
Comparison of secondary plant metabolite production 535 concentration of sucrose 45 g l -1 in the culture medium resulted in an increased content of hyperforin but a decreased content of hypericin/pseudohypericin. Thus it is possible to create specific spectra of bioactive compounds by choosing appropriate cultivation conditions. For many compounds the economic aspect of the production in plant cells grown in bioreactors has been discussed (e.g. Scragg, 1986; Lambie, 1990; Moreno et al., 1995) concluding that it is of commercial value only for very costly compounds. A main reason for this are the high costs of bioreactor equipment which is around 20,000 Euro for a fully equipped 5litre standard stirred tank bioreactor. In contrast, the material costs for a 5litre temporary immersion vessel as used in our laboratory including all technical equipment for automated operation is only 50 Euro. Thus, our data show that the production of plant secondary metabolites in TIS represent an attractive alternative both compared to biomass production in the field or collected from nature as well as in comparison to the costly and often non economic production in bioreactor cell cultures. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the German Ministry for Education and Research and the Free State Saxony and the European Community for financial support. Performance of analyses and bioreactor cultures by SIAB (Saxon Institute of Applied Biotechnology) is also gratefully acknowledged. References Akula A, Becker D & Bateson M (2000) High-yielding somatic embryogenesis and plant recovery in a selected tea clone, ‘TRI-2025’, by temporary immersion. Plant Cell Rep. 19: 1140-1145 Berlin J, Sieg S, Strack D, Bokern M & Harms H (1986) Production of betalains by suspension cultures of Chenopodium rubrum. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 5: 163-174 Bhojwani SS & Razdan MK (1996) Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice, a revised edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, Shannon, Tokyo Charlwood BV & Rhodes MJC (1990) Secondary Products from Plant Tissue Culture. Clarendon Press, Oxford De-Eknamkul W & Ellis B (1984) Rosmarinic acid production and growth characterization of Anchusa officinalis cell suspension cultures. Planta Med. 50: 346-350 Drapeau D, Blanch HW & Wilke CR (1987) Ajmalicine, serpentine, and catharanthine accumulation in Catharanthus roseus bioreactor cultures. Planta Med. 53: 373-376 European Pharmacopeia (2002) 4th Edition, Council of Europe, 67075 Strasbourg Cedex, France 2001, ISBN: 92-871-4587-3: 183-184
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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Page 532 and 533: Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
Page 534 and 535: Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
Page 540 and 541: Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
Page 542 and 543: Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
Page 550 and 551: 558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
Page 552 and 553: 560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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Page 560 and 561: Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
Page 562 and 563: Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
Page 564 and 565: Production of taxanes 573 various T
Page 566 and 567: Acknowledgments The editors thank t
Page 568 and 569: 578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
Page 570 and 571: 580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
Page 572 and 573: 582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
Page 574 and 575: 584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
Page 576 and 577: 586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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