Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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Optimisation of growing conditions 257 more hyperhydricity than shoot tips at the same concentration of the growth regulators. This might be because lateral buds are already differentiated in stem segments when they are cultured in the medium and there is no need for a high concentration of growth regulators. On the other hand, higher concentrations of growth regulators are required for meristems from shoot tips to induce new buds. It is well known that higher concentrations of cytokinins are necessary for the differentiation of new shoots, but that shoot elongation is often inhibited by a high concentration of cytokinins. Table 2 shows that the rooting percentage was generally high, ranging from 91 to 100 %. Among the four different treatments, the lowest rooting percentage was obtained from the medium containing the highest BAP and IBA concentrations in the shoot multiplication medium. The root number and root length were also lower when the previous medium contained higher concentrations of BAP and IBA. Addition of kinetin in combination with IBA in the shoot elongation phase had no negative effects on rooting percentage and root number. These results suggest that high concentrations of cytokinins during the shoot multiplication phase inhibit rooting, which is also common in micropropagation of plants. The survival of the rooted plantlets in the greenhouse was 100% (data not shown). 3.2 Experiment 2 and 3 Based on experiment 1, experiments 2 and 3 were carried out to further optimise growth conditions and the results are presented in table 3. The highest kinetin concentration resulted in the highest shoot number and shoot length among the three kinetin concentrations, but it also caused the highest percentage of hyperhydricity. The increase of BAP concentration from 1.1 to 2.2 �mol did not give a better multiplication rate, but resulted in a higher percentage of hyperhydricity. These results further confirm that the high percentage of hyperhydricity is closely related to high BAP or kinetin concentrations in culture medium. In order to obtain more shoots with better quality from the RITA system, the concentration of cytokinin needs to be below a threshold level. The results also revealed that, at a similar concentration, BAP and kinetin gave a similar result for shoot production and shoot quality. Based on this, only BAP was used in the later experiments.
258 Li-Hua Zhu et al. Table 1: Results of shoot multiplication and elongation of the apple rootstock M26 grown in RITA containers from experiment 1. Explant size was 0.5 cm for tips and 0.6-0.8 cm for stem segments, and no medium exchange during the shoot elongation period for all treatments. The shoot cultures were in the multiplication media for 15 days, and then transferred to the shoot elongation media Exp. Explant type 1 Shoot tip Stem seg. Shoot tip Stem seg. Shoot tip Treatment Multiplication Elongation BAP/IBA (�mol) 4.4/0.5 4.4/0.5 8.8/1.0 8.8/1.0 1.1/1.2 Kinetin/IBA (�mol) 0.5/0.05 0.5/0.05 0/0 0/0 0/0 Shoot No. 2.5 a 3.5 b 3.2 ab 3.8 bc 4.3 c Shoot length (mm) 13.4 b 13.3 b 9.7 a 9.6 a 13.3 b Figures followed by different letters in each column differ significantly at P=0.05 (n=40). Exp.=experiment. seg.=segment. H.=Hyperhydricity. Table 2: Rooting results of the apple rootstock M26 grown in the RITA containers where the shoots were derived from experiment 1. The shoots were rooted in the rooting medium consisting of Lepoivre macro- and micro nutrients, Walkey vitamins and 1.2 �mol IBA for 4 days in the dark, and then in the identical IBA-free rooting medium in light for 3 weeks Explant type Shoot tip Stem seg. Shoot tip Shoot tip Treatment prior to rooting Multiplication Elongation BAP/IBA Kinetin/IBA (�mol) (�mol) 4.4/0.5 0.5/0.05 4.4/0.5 8.8/1.0 1.1/1.2 0.5/0.05 0/0 0/0 Root No. per shoot 6,48 b 6,58 b 4,95 a 4,65 a Root length (cm) 2,5 b 2,0 b 1,2 a 1,5 a H (%) 0 33 25 50 50 Rooting % Figures followed by different letters in each column differ significantly at P=0.05 (n=20). seg.=segment. 96 100 100 91
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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Page 216 and 217: 208 Elio Jiménez González germina
Page 218 and 219: 210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Page 250 and 251: 244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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Page 268 and 269: 264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
Page 270 and 271: 266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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Page 280 and 281: 276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
Page 282 and 283: 278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
Page 284 and 285: 280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Page 288 and 289: Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
Page 290 and 291: Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
Page 292 and 293: Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Page 306 and 307: 304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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310 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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312 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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