Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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500 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra agar stayed also more gelled after autoclaving. It is known that physical and chemical properties of different agar brands can vary considerably (Scholten and Pierik, 1998b). The problem of precipitation could be overcome by autoclaving P separately and mixing it with the rest of the medium after autoclaving (Dalton et al., 1983; Schenk et al., 1991). In practice, such procedure is undesirable as it involves much additional labour. Analysis of fresh adapted media showed that the precipitation had no significant effect on the available concentrations of Ca and P. Table 5 shows that propagation was much improved by GAM. Comparison of mineral concentrations in adapted media with concentrations used in hydroponics showed that the former concentrations are mostly 2 to 10 times greater than the latter. So, in a few experiments, a medium was included based on mineral concentrations 5 times greater than used in hydroponic cultures. This ‘5x’-medium also gave good results, comparable with the adapted medium. Analyses of Gerbera media after culture of plant material did not show exhaustion for any specific macro-element (results not shown). For ammonium, the lowest residue was found (15 % remained), but there was still more than 50 % of the nitrate present. This means that the differences in growth on the media investigated were unlikely due to exhaustion of one of the elements but likely due to their relative concentrations in the tissue. Analysis of plant tissues (results not shown) indicated that the main differences in elemental content were in S, P (MS only), Mg, Ca and Fe. This was not only caused by the higher concentrations of these elements in the adapted medium; for example, although K was rather low in GAM, the plants from GAM had the same K- content as plants from MS and DKW media with higher K-concentration. The higher uptake and therefore values found in plants from adapted media especially for Ca, Mg and Fe could be the main reason for better growth on these media. Because the Fe concentration in the three media is the same, greater Fe uptake should then be a result of the differences in relative ion concentrations, whereas a greater Ca concentration in the adapted medium is directly responsible for its greater Ca content. In our experiments, initially we changed only the relative concentrations of the macronutrients. From the composition of hydroponic solutions, and also from analysis of the elemental content of plant tissues, it was evident that with respect to micronutrients, Mn is present at a high concentration in MS and DKW, whereas Cu is present at a low concentration, particularly in MS, if compared with hydroponic solutions (see ratios in Table 4). Table 5 shows that growth on GAM was much improved by decreasing the Mn and by increasing the Cu concentration. Gerbera plantlets grown on low Mn, however, were chlorotic. This was reflected by the elemental analysis, which
Adaptions of the mineral composition of culture media 501 Table 4: Ratio between concentrations of minerals in tissue culture media and closed system hydroponics for Gerbera; * bold: Cu and Mn values after ‘adaptation’ to hydroponic concentrations N total Mineral NH4 + - 5.0 NO3 ‘Ideally’ adapted med. not known 4.8 GAM MS DKW 8.0 4.4 7.5 26.7 5.5 K 4.6 2.6 4.4 4.0 Ca 4.8 5.0 1.7 5.8 Mg 6.0 6.3 3.8 7.5 S(O4 -2 ) n.a. 3.6 2.1 17.1 P(O4 -3 ) 3.2 2.8 1.8 2.8 Fe n.a. 4.0 4.0 4.8 Mn 4.6 20 > 2 * 20 40 Zn 5.0 10 10 24 B 3.1 5.0 5.0 3.9 Cu 5.0 0.2 > 3.2 * 0.2 2.0 Mo 0.15 2.0 2.0 3.2 n.a. = not available 6.3 22.6 4.6 Table 5: Propagation results for Gerbera after 4 weeks of growth, for a representative propagation cycle on six media Medium Weight of cluster in mg Number of plantlets Average size of plantlets (a.u.) Colour of plantlets, habit MS 166 + 11 3.8 + 0.2 1.01 + 0.01 Green, normal DKW 277 + 19 4.9 + 0.2 1.38 + 0.04 Green, normal GAM 411 + 24 6.4 + 0.3 1.33 + 0.04 Green, more adult leaflets* GAM–Mn 453 + 22 6.1 + 0.3 1.55 + 0.04 Often chlorotic GAM+ Cu 590 + 27 6.3 + 0.3 1.56 + 0.05 Dark green Sometimes GAM–Mn +Cu 631 + 25 5.8 + 0.3 1.74 + 0.06 chlorotic * all’GAM’ plantlets had a more adult habit than plantlets from MS and DKW a.u. = arbitrary units
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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Page 454 and 455: 456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
Page 456 and 457: Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Page 472 and 473: 476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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Page 476 and 477: 480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
Page 478 and 479: 482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
Page 480 and 481: 484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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Page 484 and 485: 488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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Page 502 and 503: V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
Page 504 and 505: 510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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Page 530 and 531: 536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
Page 532 and 533: Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Page 540 and 541: Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
Page 542 and 543: Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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