Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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Temporary immersion system: a new concept 189 of axillary shoots were formed closer to the upper part of the container, hence far from the agar and the surface of the liquid, where humidity was higher and where the liquid remained on the surface of the needles. Coffea arabica microcuttings revealed little or no hyperhydricity with immersion times of 15 min every 6 hours, but longer immersion times caused it to occur (Berthouly et al., 1995). For such immersion times, Coffea canephora cuttings were glassy. In this species, which is more susceptible to this problem, immersion times had to be reduced to 1 min every 6 hours. Somatic embryos of Citrus grown in a temporary immersion system did not reveal any hyperhydricity, unlike those obtained in suspensions or even more so, those grown on an agar medium (Cabasson et al., 1997). Rubber tree somatic embryos produced in a temporary immersion system did not reveal any hyperhydricity symptoms (Etienne et al., 1997b). However, a glassy appearance was found in germinating material placed in a plant conversion medium, but that was probably due to the excessive immersion times used (15 min immersion every 6 hours). Just as was seen with coffee, hyperhydricity risks are greater in the later phases of somatic embryogenesis (i.e. germination and conversion into plants). Short immersion times need to be used to avoid this problem. We found that vitrification of C. arabica somatic embryos was primarily caused by the immersion times, but not by the frequency if short immersions (1 min) were used. Several 15 min immersions per day led to embryo populations that were mostly glassy. Using temporary immersion therefore, generally reduces hyperhydricity problems, making it possible to control them by adjusting immersion frequencies and times. 5.3 Acclimatization of material produced in a temporary immersion system Losses during the acclimatization stage can severely handicap conventional micropropagation procedures. Indeed, the physiological condition and hyperhydricity of plants grown on an agar medium or in a liquid medium make this a problematic stage. Temporary immersion systems have resulted in more successful acclimatization. Ex vitro acclimatization and rooting of pineapple shoots (Escalona et al., 1999) and sugarcane shoots (Lorenzo et al., 1998) produced in a temporary immersion system under semi-industrial conditions has proved efficient and routine. In pineapple, the survival rate increases linearly with shoot size. Shoots measuring over 6 cm can be grown directly in the greenhouse, with 90 to 100% successful acclimatization (Escalona et al., 1999). Smaller shoots require a longer culture period prior in the bioreactor to acclimatization. Similarly, coffee microcuttings (C. arabica and C.�canephora) obtained by temporary
190 M. Berthouly & H. Etienne immersion can be acclimatized directly after rooting induction in the same bioreactor (Berthouly et al., 1995). After planting, the shoots and flowers of aster plants obtained from shoot tips grown in a temporary immersion system were larger than those from an agar medium (Tisserat and Vandercook, 1985). Shoots of radiata pine harvested from a nutrient replenishment system were very effectively rooted and no decline in rooting ability was found during successive harvests for 18 months (Aitken-Christie and Jones, 1987). Given the larger proportion of waxy shoots compared to wet shoots, which root poorly and have low survival rates (Aitken-Christie et al., 1985), when compared to a conventional system on agar, using a temporary immersion system provided an unexpected bonus during the acclimatization stage. Shoots of grape and Amelanchier alnifolia produced in a liquid medium on tilting machines also rooted better and more quickly than those produced on agar media (Harris and Mason, 1983). Potato tubers propagated in a twin flask system could be stored under room conditions and directly transplanted to soil without any acclimatization (Akita and Takayama, 1994). Lastly, in Coffea arabica, temporary immersion has enabled mass production of germinated somatic embryos capable of successfully regenerating into plants (70-80% embryo-to-plant conversion) after direct sowing on horticultural substrate (Etienne-Barry et al., 1999). 6. Impact of temporary immersion culture on production costs The few investigations carried out so far confirm the spectacular increase in efficiency that could be expected from using a liquid medium culture procedure for micropropagation. For the proliferation of sugarcane shoots, Lorenzo et al. (1998) calculated that using temporary immersion reduced costs by 46% compared with the standard procedure on an agar medium. The cost of a shoot produced by temporary immersion was only 0.00104 USD as opposed to 0.00191 USD for a shoot produced on agar medium. This gain primarily resulted from a drastic reduction in direct work (from 0.00032 to 0.00004 USD per shoot produced) and in the space required in culture chambers (from 0.00017 to 0.00009 USD per shoot produced). Using temporary immersion to propagate pineapple shoots resulted in a 100-fold increase in the number of shoots during the four-month period following inital culture of the crown buds (Escalona et al., 1999). This protocol reduced production costs per pineapple plant by 20% when compared to the conventional method in liquid medium. According to the authors, the key parameters for this success were: a reduction in the number
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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Page 148 and 149: Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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Page 166 and 167: Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
Page 168 and 169: Control of growth and differentiati
Page 174 and 175: Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Page 206 and 207: 198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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Page 216 and 217: 208 Elio Jiménez González germina
Page 218 and 219: 210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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