Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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Potentials for cost reduction 413 Gross and Levin (1999) have claimed that by introducing their version of bioreactor technology, for a facility with production of 20 million units per year distributed equally throughout the year (12 cycles per year), capital cost of the conventional model, which stands at US $ 2,512,950 would come down to US $ 664,683, a reduction by about 74%, and reduction in cost of production of US $ 0.16 per unit to 0.07 unit, a drop in production cost by 56%. Their version of bioreactor is applied even for multiplication cultures undergoing enhanced axillary proliferation, involves use of mechanical cutters, reduction in the area under strict environment control and incubation of bioreactors in areas having less rigorous and less expensive environmental controls. There are points of complementation between this and the new model. The propagules multiplied in bio-fermenters need transfer to static cultures for last round of culturing. This can be done in the new model, which will help in further reduction in capital costs and production costs than is achieved so far in the model of Gross and Levin (1999). Above projections of Gross and Levin (1999), however, presuppose contamination rates not exceeding 5%, which is a problem yet to resolve. The importance of the results lies in the fact that results of commercial micropropagation obtained under uncontrolled ambient conditions are better in quality and at substantially reduced cost than results obtained in sophisticated and highly costly environment controlled production facility. This shows that expensive and highly sophisticated environment controlled facility is not indispensable for commercial micropropagation. Expensive controls on environment have led to several micropropagation units across the globe becoming unviable. This has also led to limiting application of the technology only to plant species capable of commanding high unit value in the market i.e. ornamental plants and denying feasibility of application of this technology to agricultural and plantation crops as high unit value of micropropagated plants in these cases makes the application unaffordable. Interestingly, the main reason for which public funds are sought to be spent on this technology is for applications for increasing productivity of agricultural plantation crops, which will become feasible with a the approach described in this paper. Although the work is carried out in Indian conditions, the ambient conditions described are applicable to many regions in the world with minor adjustments. They are, incidentally, the type of regions where need of application to agricultural plantation crops is greatest. The results are from a sub-tropical location, and hence, represent an average of conditions available on both the climatic sides i.e. temperate and tropical. Moved to tropical side, the application may become more cost effective, as favourable natural climatic conditions are available throughout the year. Moved to temperate side, more investment may be necessary to make climate of greenhouse
414 V.A. Savangikar et al. congenial in extremes of climate and extent of cost reduction will be lesser, but yet it may cost much less than totally environment controlled facility. References DaSilva E (1998a) http://ejb.ucv.cl/content/vol1/issue1/full/1/index.html DaSilva E (1998b) http://ejb.ucv.cl/content/vol1/issue3/full/6/index.html Gross A & Levin R (1999) Design Considerations for a Mechanized Micropropagation Laboratory Plant Biotechnology and In Vitro Biology in the 21st Century (pp. 637-642) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht http1 - http://www.fao.org/biotech/Conf1.htm http2 - http://www.fao.org/biotech/Conf2.htm http3 - http://www.fao.org/forestry/FOR/FORM/FOGENRES/genresbu/125/125e/arte11.stm http4 - http://www.fao.org/unfao/bodies/COAG/COAG15/X0074E.htm#P95_1296 http5 - http://www.mnd.fh-wiesbaden.de/fag/bio/bo/cost_843/index.html http6 - http://www.nrdcindia.com/pages/tisuecul.htm http7 - http://www.tissuecon.com Kodym A & Zapata-Arias FJ (2001) Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 66(1): 67-71 Nagamori E & Kobayashi T (2001) Viscous additive improves micropropagation in liquid medium. J. Biosci.Bioeng. 91(3): 283-287 Pierik RLM (1989) In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands Savangikar VA & Savangikar Chitra (2001) New Perspective in Commercial Micropropagation Technology. In: Sandhya Tewari (ed) Business Opportunities in Biotechnology (pp. 119-121). Confederation of Indian Industry, New Delhi, India Ziv M (1986) In vitro hardening and acclimatization of tissue culture plants. In: Withers L A & Alderson P G (eds.) Plant Tissue Culture and Its Agriculture Application (pp. 187-203). Buttersworths, London
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Page 424 and 425: 426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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