Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway spruce via somatic embryogenesis Sara von Arnold 1 , Peter Bozhkov, David Clapham, Julia Dyachok, Lada Filonova, Karl-Anders Högberg 2 , Mathieu Ingouff & Malgorzata Wiweger 1 Department of Forest Genetics, SLU, PO Box 7027, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. Phone: +46 18 673230, Fax: +46 18 6732, E-mail: Sara.von.Arnold@sgen.slu.se 2 The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Ekebo, S-268 90 Svalöv, Sweden. Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis combined with cryopreservation is an attractive method to propagate Norway spruce (Picea abies) vegetatively both as a tool in the breeding programme and for large-scale clonal propagation of elite material. Somatic embryos are also a valuable tool for studying regulation of embryo development. Embryogenic cell lines of Norway spruce are established from zygotic embryos. The cell lines proliferate as proembryogenic masses (PEMs). Somatic embryos develop from PEMs. PEM-to-somatic embryo transition is a key developmental switch that determines the yield and quality of mature somatic embryos. Withdrawal of plant growth regulators stimulates PEM-to-somatic embryo transition accompanied by programmed cell death (PCD) in PEMs. This PCD is mediated by a marked decrease in extracellular pH. If the acidification is abolished by buffering the culture medium, PEM-to-somatic embryo transition together with PCD is inhibited. Cell death, induced by withdrawal of PGRs, can be suppressed by extra supply of lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs). Extracellular chitinases are probably involved in production and degradation of LCOs. During early embryogeny, the embryos form an embryonal mass surrounded by a surface layer. The formation of a surface layer is accompanied by a switch in the expression pattern of an Ltplike gene (Pa18) and a homeobox gene (PaHB1), from ubiquitous expression in PEMs to surface layer-specific in somatic embryos. Ectopic expression of Pa18 and PaHB1 leads to an early developmental block. Transgenic embryos and plants of Norway spruce are routinely produced by using a biolistic approach. The transgenic material is used for studying the importance of specific genes for regulating plant development, but transgenic plants can also be used for identification of candidate genes for use in the breeding programme. Key words: conditioning factors, development of somatic embryos, embryogenic cell suspension, gene transformation, genetic regulation, Norway spruce, programmed cell death Abbreviations: ABA – abscisic acid; AGP – arabinogalactan protein; LCO – lipochitooligosaccharide; PCD – programmed cell death; PEM – proembryogenic mass; PGR – plant growth regulator 283 A.K. Hvoslef-Eide and W. Preil (eds.), Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation, 283–293. © 2005 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.
284 Sara von Arnold et al. 1. Introduction Forest trees play a vital role in the lives of humans and functioning ecosystems. They provide renewable sources of wood, fibres and chemicals for human societies. They provide habitats for numerous organisms and essential ecological functions such as water purification and carbon storage. Forests are managed in a diversity of ways ranging from intensively managed short rotation tree-farms to old-growths reserves. Whatever the goals for forest management and conservation, the methods of clonal propagation and especially somatic embryogenesis provide powerful options for breeding and management. The pressure to increase productivity of the forest will increase dramatically in the future. At the same time, pressure will be brought to bear to increase forest conservation and sustainability. The possibility to meet the increased need for wood products by intensive forestry in highly productive plantations (fibre farming) and thereby making it possible to release large areas as natural forests, are an attractive alternative. Before this alternative can be accepted, it is important to develop methods and to establish field trials showing that this alternative is safe and sustainable. The possibility to propagate trees vegetatively creates significant advantages both for the deployment of selected genotypes through masspropagation and for capturing and enhancing the genetic gain in the breeding programme. To ensure that maximum genetic gain is achieved, the influence of environmental factors on field performance of the genotypes has to be determined. Today the common way to propagate plants vegetatively is via cuttings. However, large scale cutting propagation may be limited in some species owing to problems with rooting, aging of mother trees and survival of cuttings, as well as high costs. Some of the problems can be overcome by using tissue culture techniques and especially somatic embryogenesis combined with cryopreservation. An embryogenic cell line established from one seed can generate a high number of somatic embryos, therefore, it is possible to produce a large number of genetically identical plants within a short period. It has been shown that somatic embryogenesis combined with cryopreservation is an attractive method to propagate Norway spruce vegetatively both as a tool in the breeding programme and for large-scale clonal propagation of elite material (Högberg et al., 2001). Somatic embryos of Norway spruce are also valuable as a tool for studying regulation of embryo development. In addition, the somatic embryos can be used for producing transgenic plants of Norway spruce (Clapham et al., 2000; Brukhin et al., 2000).
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Page 282 and 283: 278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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