Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Multiplication of shoots (from 100 starting shoots) in the semi-solid system (28 days) and RITA ® system (14 days) of different Eucalyptus clones and average multiplication for three sub-tropical and two cold-tolerant clones (SD - represents a mean SD) Clone No. of shoots after 28 days culture on semi-solid medium No. of shoots after 14 days culture in RITA ® vessel GU177 497 845 GU178 376 722 TAG31 526 637 Average multiplication for the subtropical clones 4.7 times (SD 0.78) 7.3 times (SD 1.05) GN107 187 237 GN108 294 744 Average multiplication for the cold-tolerant clones 2.4 times (SD 0.54) 4.9 times (SD 2.45) Table 3: Acclimatization success of shoots transfered to the greenhouse with and without roots from the RITA ® and the semi-solid systems (expressed as % of total plants transferred from laboratory to greenhouse) Clone Acclimatisation success (%) Cultured on semi-solid medium Cultured in RITA ® vessels Shoots with roots Shoots without roots Shoots with roots Shoots without roots GU175 43 30 32 9 GU177 47 23 52 33 GU178 50 29 53 15 GU180 39 28 36 18 Average rooting percent for the sub-tropical clones 36 35 GN108 20 1 63 37 NH58 5 0 67 43 Average rooting percent for the cold-tolerant clones 6.5 53
Use of the temporary immersion bioreactor 431 The use of an antibiotic in the media was undertaken as part of a pretreatment to overcome the bacterial problem, which occurred in treatment c and d. According to Phillips, et al. (1981) and Cornu and Michel (1987), Rifampicin was found to be an effective antibiotic with no phytotoxic effects to the plants. The use of 0.1 g l -1 Rifampicin resulted in contaminant-free explants and had little effect on the shoots (Treatment e and f). All shoots without visible signs of contamination were then placed into the RITA ® vessels, after which no bacterial contamination occurred (Table 1). Obtaining contaminant-free shoots in RITA ® by using the semi-solid medium and Rifampicin pre-treatment with visual selection of contaminantfree plants is thus appropriate for the six Eucalyptus clones tested. Escalona et al. (1999) and Preil and Hempfling (2002) used established shoots from an agar base as inoculum for the bioreactors, as indicated by most other researchers. Similarly, with Eucalyptus clones it was important that elimination of contamination was undertaken in the semi-solid phase after which the shoots were then used for the liquid systems. Unless disease indexing of the parent plant or screening takes place, as described by Cassells (1997) and Holdgate and Zandvoort (1997), it is not possible to place shoots directly into the RITA � vessels without obtaining high losses. The temporary immersion system provides a highly aerobic system for plant growth, as there is forced ventilation through the vessel lid. However the immersion times, i.e. duration or frequency, is the most decisive parameter for system efficiency (Alvard et al., 1993; Berthouly and Etienne, 2002). The flush time interval of 30 min resulted in the lowest multiplication rate. It was found that the five minute rest period gave significantly lower multiplication i.e. from 2.1 times (30 s flush) to 1.5 times at 10 minutes flush (Figure 1). At the 10 minute flush time with a five minute rest period the Eucalyptus shoots became brittle and hyperhydricity occurred. This was probably due to the flush intervals being too long or too frequent. Jackson (2002) stated that an aqueous cover interferes strongly with gas exchange to the outer tissue or cell surface since gas diffusion rates are approximately 10000 times slower in water than in air. This impact is increased with the depth of the aqueous cover or the inclusion of gel matrices such as agar. Thus, by total submersion, or submersion of the plants too frequently for long periods, gaseous exchange for photosynthesis and respiration was reduced even if there was dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the liquid. Fujiwara and Kozai (1995) found that increasing the number of air exchanges avoided shoots becoming hyperhydric with long-term continuous liquid cultures. The 10 minute flush time caused a reduction in the multiplication. However, with the increased rest time between the flushes (10 and 20 minutes rest time) there was an increase in multiplication. These results indicated that there was a relationship between the length of flush and
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Page 454 and 455: 456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
Page 456 and 457: Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Page 472 and 473: 476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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