Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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Optimisation of growing conditions 255 experiments were included in this study. The first experiment aimed to improve shoot production by using different combinations of growth regulators and different types of explants (for details see Table 1). Based on experiment 1, the second and third experiments were conducted aimed at optimising concentrations of growth regulators for shoot elongation. In the forth experiment, the influence of medium exchange on shoot production was studied, and the influence of explant size in the fifth experiment. The detailed treatments and conditions used in experiments 2-5 are presented in table 3. In all experiments, two phases were included, namely, the shoot multiplication phase with higher cytokinin concentrations (15 days for experiment 1 and 10 days for experiments 2-5) and the shoot elongation phase with lower cytokinin concentrations for 3-4 weeks. The multiplication media contained 4.4 �mol BAP and 0.5 �mol IBA except for experiment 1. The frequency of medium immersion was 8 times per day for experiments 1- 3 and 16 times per day for experiments 4-5. The duration of medium immersion was 5 minutes per time for experiments 1-2 and 2 minutes per time for experiments 3-5. The media were not exchanged during the shoot elongation phase except for experiment 4. Shoots of 1-1.5 cm in length from four treatments in experiment 1 were rooted in RITA containers using the rooting medium consisting of Lepoivre (Quoirin et al., 1977) macro and microelements, Walkey (1972) vitamins, 1.2 �mol IBA and 30 g l -1 sucrose at pH 5.5. The shoots were kept in the dark for 4 days, and then transferred to the identical rooting medium without IBA in light for 3 weeks. Shoot number (� 0.5 cm) and shoot quality, measured as shoot length and hyperhydricity were recorded at the end of the experiments for experiments 1-5, and the root number and root length for experiment 1. All data were subjected to ANOVA analysis with Duncan’s multiple range test using the Statgraphics program. Rooted plantlets from the RITA containers were planted in pots in a mixture of peat and perlite, and acclimatised in the greenhouse conditions. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Experiment 1 The results from experiment 1 are presented in table 1 and figure 1. Using 1.1 �mol BAP and 1.2 �mol IBA in the shoot multiplication medium resulted in a significantly higher shoot number compared with 4.4 �mol BAP
256 Li-Hua Zhu et al. A B C D E Figure 1: Shoot cultures of the apple rootstock M26 grown in the RITA containers after 5 weeks from experiment 1. A and B: Shoot tip and stem segment explants, respectively, 4.4 �mol BAP and 0.5 �mol IBA during the shoot multiplication phase and 0.5 �mol kinetin and 0.05 �mol IBA during the shoot elongation phase for both. C and D: Shoot tip and stem segment explants, respectively, 8.8 �mol BAP and 1.0 �mol IBA for the shoot multiplication phase and no growth regulators during the shoot elongation phase for both. E: Shoot tip explants, 1.1 �mol BAP and 1.2 �mol IBA during the shoot multiplication phase and no growth regulators during the shoot elongation phase. and 0.5 �mol IBA, and 8.8 �mol BAP and 1.0 �mol IBA when shoot tips were used as explants. Stem segments gave a higher shoot number than shoot tips at low BAP and IBA concentrations. The shoot length decreased at the concentrations of 8.8 �mol BAP and 1.0 �mol IBA for both explant types. The percentage of hyperhydricity increased with increasing the concentration of the growth regulators. Stem segments resulted in higher hyperhydricity than shoot tip explants at the same concentration of the growth regulators. The above results show that higher concentrations of plant growth regulators resulted in a higher multiplication rate, but this was often accompanied by increased hyperhydricity. This means that the apple cultures in liquid media are more sensitive to plant growth regulators compared with those grown on solid medium where 4.4 �mol BAP and 0.5 �mol IBA are routinely used during the whole shoot culture period without hyperhydricity. The reason for the higher sensitivity of the cultures to the growth regulators is possibly due to an easy access of the cultures to growth regulators in liquid media. The experiment has also shown that stem segments showed
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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Page 218 and 219: 210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Page 250 and 251: 244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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Page 268 and 269: 264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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Page 280 and 281: 276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
Page 282 and 283: 278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
Page 284 and 285: 280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
Page 286 and 287: Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
Page 288 and 289: Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
Page 290 and 291: Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
Page 292 and 293: Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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308 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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