Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Introduction Commercial in vitro propagation is currently applied to several tropical plants. Among food crops bananas, plantains, sugarcane and pineapples are the most successful examples. However, in vitro propagation methods are available for a large number of other tropical plants, which are normally used on a laboratory scale for research purposes, germplasm preservation or propagation of selected plants in research or academic institutions. The present limitation to the wider commercial application of micropropagation in tropical crops in developing countries is the high cost of the plants when using the traditional micropropagation methods, e.g. bananas and plantains (0.15 – 0.30 USD), sugarcane (0.12 – 0.20 USD), pineapple (0.10 – 0.25 USD) (Pérez et al, 1998). Labour costs in Latin America are lower compared to developed countries in North America, Europe or Asia, but still remain as the major part of propagation costs. Manual labor for in vitro propagated plants in Latin America represents from 45 – 60 % of total costs (Pérez et al., 1998). Partial automation of in vitro propagation and especially temporary immersion systems (TIS) may help to reduce propagation costs (Etienne and Berthouly, 2002). TIS can increase the efficiency of propagation processes by reducing the cost as a result of labour reduction, savings in shelf space, high biological yields, improved plant quality or low investment and maintenance costs. For pineapple shoot multiplication the application of TIS resulted in 20 % cost reduction compared to cultures in conventional liquid medium (Escalona et al., 1999) and sugarcane propagation in TIS saved 46 % of the costs in comparison with the standard procedure in semisolid medium (Lorenzo et al., 1998). 2. TIS from laboratory to commercial application TIS have been described for in vitro multiplication of a wide range of tropical crops such as Ananas comosus, Camellia sinensis, Citrus deliciosa, Coffea s.p, Colocasia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Hevea brasiliensis, Manihot esculenta, Musa sp., Psidium guajava, Saccharum sp., Solanum tuberosum (Table 1). Laboratory protocols have been developed by using different regeneration systems: Shoot multiplication, somatic embryos (either multiplication and/or germination) and induction of storage organs (microtubers).
Mass propagation of tropical crops 199 Table 1: Examples of tropical plants propagated in TIS on a laboratory scale Plant species Regeneration system TIS Reference Ananas comosus Shoots twin flasks Escalona et al., 1998 Camellia sinensis Citrus deliciosa Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora Somatic embryos including germination Somatic embryos including germination RITA ® Akula et al., 2001 RITA ® Cabasson et al., 1997 Shoots RITA ® Berthouly et al., 1995 Colocasia sp. Shoots 10-l twin flasks Medero eta al., 2001 Hevea brasiliensis Somatic embryos including germination RITA ® Etienne et al., 1997 Eucalyptus Shoots RITA ® Mc Alister et al., 2002 Manihot esculenta Shoots 10-l twin flasks Medero et al., 2001 Musa sp. Shoots Somatic embryos including germination Somatic embryos including germination Psidium guajava Somatic embryo germination Saccharum sp. Solanum tuberosum Nalgene filtration unit Alvard et al., 1993 RITA ® Escalant et al., 1994 10-l twin flasks Gómez et al., 2002 RITA ® Vilches et. al., 2002 Shoots twin flasks Lorenzo et al., 1999 Somatic embryo germination 1-l twin flasks Jimenez et al., 2002 Microtubers 10-l twin flasks Jimenez et al., 1999 Microtubers RITA ® Teisson & Alvard, 1999
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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Page 156 and 157: 144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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Page 166 and 167: Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
Page 168 and 169: Control of growth and differentiati
Page 174 and 175: Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Page 218 and 219: 210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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