Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3.3 The effect of culture method DFT culture led to greatest fresh weight, shoot length and leaf area but the differences were minor compared to plant development in the ebb and flood culture. On the other hand, growth was inhibited in immersion culture (Table 3). The negative effect of immersion culture on plantlet growth was mainly due to the lack of oxygen and an high water potential, because the explants were immersed into the medium for the entire culture period (Nguyen and Kozai, 1998; Ziv, 1991). As a result, immersion culture suppressed photosynthetic activity and increased the number of vitrified leaves (data not shown). Difference in plantlet growth among the three culture systems was associated with CO2 concentrations inside the culture vessels during the light periods. CO2 concentration in each bioreactor was approximately 1500 µmol mol -1 at the initial stage of culture. CO2 concentration in DFT culture decreased by 400 µmol mol -1 after 2 weeks of culture; in ebb and flood culture CO2 concentration decreased to 750 µmol mol -1 , after which remained constant up to week ten. However, CO2 concentrations >1400 µmol mol -1 , was recorded after 2 weeks in immersion culture, then the CO2 concentration gradually decreased (Figure 2). The results indicated that the explants in DFT and ebb and flood culture systems started to photosynthesize from their initial stages, but photosynthesis in immersion culture was severely suppressed during the early stage of culture. Photosynthesis of plantlets in vitro and CO2 concentration inside the culture vessel are closely related each other, as reported elsewhere (Fujiwara et al., 1987; Kubota et al., 1997; Kim et al., 2003). CO 2 (µmol mol -1 ) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2 4 6 8 10 Weeks Im mersion culture Ebb and flood culture DFT culture Figure 2: Changes of CO 2 concentration inside 5-litre column-type bioreactors during multiplication of Chrysanthemum shoots.
Multiplication of Chrysanthemum shoots 151 4. Conclusion Multiplication of horticultural plants through bioreactor systems is, initially, costly, but long-term, it can increase multiplication efficiency remarkably by applying large-scale culture vessels and optimizing the physical and chemical environments. Since plantlets in bioreactors are grown in optimized culture conditions, proliferation rates are much greater than those in conventional gelled cultures. In addition, 100% survival ex vitro can be achieved with faster growth after transplantation. Our results suggested the possibility of large-scale production of Chrysanthemum shoots through bioreactor systems. Further studies are needed to optimise culture conditions, such as medium composition, rate and frequency of air exchanges and CO2 enrichment to maximize multiplication efficiency. Acknowledgment This work was supported in part by the grant from the Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology funded by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. References Avila A, Pereyra SM & Arguello JA (1998) Nitrogen concentration and proportion of NH 4 + -N affect potato cultivar reaponse in solid and liquid media. Hort. Science 33: 336-338 Ben-Jaacov J, Langhans RW (1972) Rapid multiplication of Chrysanthemum plants by stemtip proliferation. HortScience 7: 289-290 Bi J, Ou F, Wang Y, Hao Z, & Liu C (1997) Bioreactors for plant micropropagation. 4th Asia-Pacific Biochemical Engineering Conference. Vol. 2 (pp. 687-690) Chu IYE (1992) Perspective of micropropagation industry. In: Kubota K & Kozai T (ed) Transplant Production Systems (pp. 137-150). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Cui YC, Hahn EJ, Kozai T & Paek KY (2000) Number of air exchanges, sucrose concentration, photosynthetic photon flux, and differences in photoperiod and dark period temperatures affect growth of Rehmannia glutinosa plantlets in vitro. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 62: 219-226 Debergh PC & Read PE (1991) Micropropagation. In: Debergh PC & Zimmerman RH (eds) Micropropagation, Technology and Application (pp. 1-13). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Earle ED & Langhans RW (1974a) Propagation of Chrysanthemum in vitro: �. Multiple plantlets from shoot tips and the establishment of tissue cultures. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 99: 128-131
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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