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Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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Mass propagation of conifer trees 401<br />

pads have been used <strong>for</strong> embryo development and maturation. In conclusion,<br />

liquid culture comb<strong>in</strong>ed with bioreactor, automation technology and<br />

manufactured seed delivery are the solution <strong>for</strong> low-cost mass propagation<br />

of conifer species.<br />

References<br />

Attree SM, Pomoroy MK & Fowke LC (1994) Production of vigorous, desiccation tolerant<br />

white spruce synthetic seeds <strong>in</strong> bioreactor. <strong>Plant</strong> Cell Rep.12: 601-606<br />

Becwar MR (1994) Method <strong>for</strong> regeneration of conifer plantlets by somatic embryogenesis.<br />

US Patent No. 4,13930<br />

Carlson WC, Hartle JE & Bower BK (1993) Oxygenated analogs of botanic seed, U.S. Patent<br />

No. 5,236,469<br />

Carlson WC & Hartle JE (1995) Manufactured seeds of woody plants. In: Ja<strong>in</strong> M, Gupta PK,<br />

Newton RJ (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis <strong>in</strong> Woody <strong>Plant</strong> Vol 1 (pp. 253-264). Kluwer<br />

Academic Publishers, Dordrecht<br />

Durzan DJ & Gupta PK (1987) Somatic embryogenesis and polyembryogenesis <strong>in</strong> Douglasfir<br />

cell suspension cultures. <strong>Plant</strong> Sci. 52: 229-235<br />

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embryogenesis U.S. Patent No. 4,957,866<br />

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embryogenesis us<strong>in</strong>g abscisic acid and osmotic potential variation U.S. Patent<br />

No. 5,036,007<br />

Gupta PK, Pullman G & Timmis R (1993) Forestry <strong>in</strong> the 21 st Century: The biotechnology of<br />

somatic embryogenesis. Bio/Technology 11: 254–459<br />

Gupta PK & Grob JA (1995) Somatic embryogenesis <strong>in</strong> conifers. In: Ja<strong>in</strong> SM, Gupta P K &<br />

Newton RJ (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis <strong>in</strong> Woody <strong>Plant</strong> Vol.1 (pp. 81-89). Kluwer<br />

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Gupta PK (1996) Methods <strong>for</strong> reproduc<strong>in</strong>g coniferous plants by somatic embryogenesis us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

maltose enriched ma<strong>in</strong>tenance medium, 1996. U.S. Patent. No. 5,563,061<br />

Gupta PK & Timmis R (1999) Conifer somatic embryo production from liquid culture. In:<br />

Altman A, Ziv M, & Izhar S (eds) <strong>Plant</strong> Biotechnology and In Vitro Biology <strong>in</strong> the 21 st<br />

Century (pp. 49-52). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht<br />

Gorbatenko O & Hakman I (2002) Desiccation-tolerant somatic embryos of Norway Spruce<br />

can be produced <strong>in</strong> liquid culture and regeneration <strong>in</strong>to plantlets. Intl. J. Pl. Sci.<br />

162: 2111-2118<br />

Ibaraki Y & Kurata K (2001) Automation of somatic embryo production. <strong>Plant</strong> Cell, Tiss.<br />

Org. Cult. 65: 179-199<br />

Ingram B & Mavituna F (2000) Effect of bioreactor configuration on the growth and<br />

maturation of Picea sitchensis somatic embryo cultures. <strong>Plant</strong> Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult.<br />

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Ingram B & Mavituna F (1998) Picea sitchensis somatic embryogenesis: Proliferation and<br />

maturation <strong>in</strong> bioreactor. In: Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs Abstracts of IX International Congress on <strong>Plant</strong><br />

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medium-perfusion <strong>for</strong> control of somatic embryogenesis <strong>in</strong> liquid cell suspensions. <strong>Plant</strong><br />

Growth Reg. 20: 53-56

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